THE MEANING OF MANAGEMENT

The term management comes from the verb (in English) to manage, which means
control.
In the Indonesian language term for the word defined with a variety of management, among others, as follows:
1) Institute of Public Administration, management is defined by the term leadership.
2) the Army, the management is defined in terms of coaching.
3) University of Indonesia, the management is defined in terms of management.
4) University of Gajah Mada and Universitas Padjadjaran, management is defined by the term
arrangement

In Webster's New Coolegiate Dictionary, the word comes from managing explained
Italian "managgio" from the word "managgiare" the next word is derived from
Latin "manus" meaning hand. In the dictionary on the word "manage" given meanings:
1) to direct and control (guiding and supervising).
2) to treat with care (treating with sekasama)
3) to carry on business or affairs (care of commerce, or urusan-urusan/persoalan-
problem.
4) to Achieve one's purpuse (reach certain goals.)
Viewed meaning that the fourth explanation of the meaning of management include the meaning of the above.

Furthermore, the dictionary described above are also management:
1) Act or managing art: conduct; control; direction (act or art of managing,
treating, monitoring, mentoring).
2) The collective body of those WHO manage any enterprise or intrest (a collective body
manage a company or interest).
Thus if there is any reasonable argument that management is a process activity carried out together to achieve goals; and management are the institutions which conducted activities.

In addition, management comes from the noun (in English) "management"
with different meanings: first management means the management, control, or the handler. Both management treatments were skilfully interpreted to deal with something a Skillful treatment. The three combinations of the above two terms, namely: that associated with the management of an enterprise, household, or a form of cooperation in achieving a particular goal.
These three definitions support the notion that the management agreement was seen as a Science and Arts.
Management as science means the science and management meet the criteria of scientific method that emphasizes concepts, theories, principles and management techniques. As an LMU knowledge management has characteristic of science, namely:
Compilation  systematically or regularly.
It can be learned and taught 
 Using scientific methods.  Having certain principles.
 Can be used as a theory.
 Objective and Rational
Management as Art, ability to manage something that is creating art or so-called creativity (creativity that arise from within to create something), and a person's skills (skills obtained from experience).
In his book "Principles of Management" George R Terry distinguish between art and science of management as follows:

S e n i

Progress  obtained
with practice.
 Feelings
 guess
Describing 
 opinions

B. UNDERSTANDING MANAGEMENT

I l m u
Progress  obtained
with Science.
Proof 
 Forecast
Determining 
 sizes.

In terms of static or container element is the organization rather than administration. This organization itself is a tool of administration in achieving its objectives. To achieve this goal the organization as a static aspect should be in motion with a process that is dynamic and distinctive. Dynamic and unique process that is commonly referred to as "management". The people who carry out management (moving the organization) commonly known by the term "manager" or members of management.
Management as a typical process of moving the organization is very important, because without effective management there would be no business that will succeed long enough. The achievement of organizational goals both economic, social or political, for the most part bersar depends on the ability of managers within the organization concerned. Management gives the effectiveness of human effort. From the description above it appears that the term related to business management to achieve certain objectives by way of using the resources available within the organization with the best possible way. Because in the definition of "organization" has always contained elements of a group (more than 2 people) man then manajemenpun usually used in connection with the effort of a group of humans, although management can also be applied to an individual business enterprises. To clarify the meaning of management, the following is quoted several experts in the field of management, where opinions different from each other with each other although there is always the element of similarity. From the difference of opinion (which is caused by differences in laying emphasis on the point of view) as well as similarities were expected to obtain a more clear and thorough about this management.
1. Jhon D. Millet
"Management is the process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in a formal group to Achieve a desired goal."
(Management is the process of directing and launching the work of the people who are formally organized as a group to obtain the desired goal).
2. And E. Petersons Elmore Grosvenor Plowman
"Management May be defined as a technique by means of the which the porpuses and objectives of a particular human group are deter-mined, classifed and effectuated."
(Management may be given the definition as a technique with a technique where the intent and purpose of a particular human group defined, classified and implemented).
3. Ordway Tead
"Management is the process and the agency the which direct and guides the operations of an organization in the Realizing of established AIMS".
(Management is a process and device that directs and guides the activities of an organization in achieving its intended purpose.)
4. Ralph C. Davis
"Management is the function of the executive leadership any Nowhere"
(Management is the function of each chief executive anywhere).
5. Jhon F. Me
"Management is the art of SECURING maximum result whith minimum of Efforts so as to secure maximum prosperity and happiness for both employers and employ and give the public the best possible service". (Management is the art to achieve maximum results with minimal effort as well as achieve maximum well-being and ebahagiaan both for the leadership and the workers and provide the best possible service to the community).
6. S. Kimball and Kimball Jr. D.S.
"Management embraces all duties and functions That pertain to the initiation of an enterprise, its financing establishment of all major policies, the provision of all Necessary equipment, the outlining of the general form of organizations and selection of the principle officers".
(Management consists of all tasks and functions that includes pe-nyusunan a company, financing, determining the outlines of policy, the provision of all necessary equipment and preparation of the framework and election organization pejabatpejabat terrace).
7. George R. Terry
"Management is distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating, controlling, in EACH utilizing both science and art and follow in order to accomplish predetermined objectives."
(Management is a process that typically consists of the actions of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling where in each field is used both knowledge and expertise and are followed in sequence in order to attempt to reach the original targets).
8. Jhon M. Pfiffner
"Management is Concerned with the direction of these individuals and functions to Achieve ends Previously determined" (Management deals with the guardianship of the people and functions to achieve the objectives previously set.)
9. Dwight Waldo
"Management is the action intended to Achieve rational coopration in an administrative system". (Management is the act which aims to obtain a rational cooperation in a system of administration.
10. Harold Koontz and Cyril O'Donnell
"Management is Getting Things Done through other people." (Management is
work together with others).
What exactly is meant by management?. Management is "The
Art of Getting Things Done through other people "(Art accomplish all things through others). Management is the planning process (planning), organizers of (organizing), directing (leading) and control (contolling) activities of member organizations and activities use resources other organizations to achieve organizational goals.
The conclusion that can be drawn from similarities found in various kinds of definitions above is:
a) Management is always applied in relation to the business of a group of people and not against something one particular business.
b) In terms of management always contained a certain aim will be achieved by the group concerned.
In short we can say that management is a matter of achieving a certain goal with a group of people.
Management can have a meaning:
1) Kegiatan-kegiatan/Aktivitas-aktivitas
2) The process, namely the activities in a series of sequences
3) Institutions / persons who conduct activities or process activities.
(1), (2), and (3) to get results through others.

MANAGEMENT & MANAGERS

What is meant by "other people" are the ones executing (subject) or the people who become the object of the exercise.
For example in personnel management, the "others" are the ones who run the executive activities kepegawai's or / and all staff members who become the object of that employment activities.
Activities that are not through other people, not the management activities.
For example, to obtain results through the machines, it was called the activities of mechanical engineering.
What use is enough understanding about the management of every person residing within an organization include:
 section all to know the organizations where they work well
 For those who occupy a managerial position to know the role, responsibilities
responsibilities and duties within the organization.
 For incorporated as a subordinate to understand the role of his superiors,
because every boss is also at the same time acting as subordinates.
 Even for people outside the organization also needs to recognize the management of an organization
because they have relationships and interests with the organization concerned.

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MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

The function of management is to achieve goals in ways that best, that is by spending time and money the least, usually with the use of existing facilities as well as possible.
Management functions of the experts presented by the similarities and differences. To clarify the opinion of experts, each management function are as follows:

1. Louis Allen (POLC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Constructing)
Leading  (Lead)
 Controlling (Oversee / investigate)
2. Harold Koontz and Cyril O'Donnell (POSDLC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Staffing (Development Officer)
 Directing (Directing)
Leading  (Lead)
 Controlling (Control)
3. Henry Fayol (POCCC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Commanding (The Command) Coordinating  (Coordinating)
 Controlling (Control)
4. AF. Stoner (POLC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
Leading  (Lead)
 Controlling (Control)
5. George R. Terry (POAC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Actuating (Implementation)
 Controlling (Control)
6. John F Mee (POMC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Motivating (Giving Motivation)
 Controlling (Control)
7. Luther Gulick (POSDiCoRB)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Staffing (Development Officer)
 Directing (Directing)
Coordinating  (Coordinating)
 Reporting (Reporting)
 Budgeting (Budgeting)
8. Lyndak F. Urwick (FPOCCC)
 Forecasting (Forecasting)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Commanding (The Command) Coordinating  (Coordinating)
 Controlling (Control)
9. William H. Newman (POARDC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
Assembling 
 Resources
 Directing (Directing)
 Controlling (Control)
10. William Spriegel (POC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Controlling (Control)
11. Jhon Robert Beishline (POCC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Commanding (The Command)  Controlling (Control)
12. Prajudi Atmosudirdjo (PODAC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Directing (Directing)
 Actuating (Implementation)
 Controlling (Control)
13. Dr. Sondra P. Siagian (POMC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
 Motivating (Giving Motivation)
 Controlling (Control)
14. Dr. Winardi, SE (POCALCC)
 Planning (Planning)
 Organizing (Organizing)
Coordinating  (Coordinating)
 Controlling (Control)
 Actuating (Implementation)
Leading  (Lead)
 Communication
 Controlling (Control)
15. The Liang Gie (PDmDCCI)
 Planning (Planning)
 Decision making (Decision Making)  Directing (Directing)
Coordinating  (Coordinating)
 Controlling (Control)
 Improving

In hakikatnnya, when combined opinion of the experts mentioned above, the functions of management are as follows:
(A) Forcesting,
(B) Planning, including Budgeting,
(C) Organizing,
(D) Staffing or Assembling resources,
(E) Directing or Commanding,
(F) Leading,
(G) Coordinating,
(H) Motivating,
(I) Controlling and
(J) Reporting.
If the views of each function can be seen that nearly all experts agree about Planning, Organizing and Controlling although there are some extras. While the most widely different in terms Actuating (if we take the opinion George R Terry).

Although the mentioned management functions was that there was something different, but the meaning is the same. Also on the main base, which is all sourced to leaders or pioneers of Scientific Management, Henry Fayol.
From the above comparison can be seen that the functions of: Planning are all the same, only into the planning elements should be included badget.
Organizing, there is only a plus with staffing (preparation of the employee) and / or assembling of resources (preparation of the sources).
Actuating, some use Commanding, Coordinating, Directing and DirectingCoordinating
Controlling, there also are using the term reporting.
But in general are the same, just with different terms.

1) Forcesting,
Forecasting is an activity of predicting, projecting, or make provision for
against a variety of possibilities that will occur before a more definite plan
can be done. For example, a university, predicts the number of students who
will apply the learning into Higher Education. These predictions with
using several indicators eg number of high school graduates. A
Industrial enterprises should be making a forecast about the sale of their products by taking into account the number of residents in the areas of sales, per capita income members of society, buying habits and so forth.
2) Planning, including Budgeting,
Various restrictions on Planning from the simple to the more complex formulation. There are formulated with a very simple, such planning is the determinant of a series of actions to achieve a desired outcome.
Restrictions planning to formulate a rather complex as determining what should be achieved, if it is achieved, where it must be achieved, how it should be achieved, who is responsible for, and determining why it must be achieved. Similar to the last restriction which the formulation of planning is determining the answers to six questions:
- What action should be done?
- Is why such action should be done?
- Where is the action that should be done?.
- When the action was undertaken?
- Who will do the action?
- How do I perform that action?
Indeed the function of planning is not just set things like the above, but also in the planning function already includes the determination of the budget. Therefore more appropriate when planning or planning is formulated as goal setting, policy, procedures, budgets, and programs of an organization. So with planning functions including budgeting are intended function of management in setting goals to be achieved by the organization, establish regulations and implementation guidelines that must be obeyed, and settled a summary of the necessary costs and receipts are expected to be obtained from a series of actions to be performed.
3) Organizing, With Organizing referred to categorize the activities required, namely the establishment, organization, duties and functions of each unit in the organization, and to determine the position and nature of the relationship between each unit. Organization or organization can also be formulated as the overall management activities in classifying people and the determination of duties, functions, powers and responsibilities of each with the aim of the creation of activity-
activities efficient and effective in achieving its intended purpose first.

MANAGEMENT & MANAGERS

4) Staffing or Assembling resources,
Staffing term given Luther Gulick, Harold Koonz and Cyrill O'Donnell was Assembling the resources raised by William Herbert Newman. The second term is likely to contain the same sense.
Staffing is one form of preparation of the personnel management function in
organization since the hiring of labor, its development up to the business community to make every effort to give officers the power to the maximum to the organization.
Organizing and Staffing the two management functions are very closely related. Organizing the form of the preparation of legal container to accommodate a variety of activities that must be implemented within an organization, while the staffing associated with the implementation of the people who would assume their respective positions that exist within the organization.
5) Directing or Commanding,
Commanding is directing or management functions related to the business of giving guidance, advice, orders or instructions to subordinates in carrying out their respective duties, so that tasks can be performed well and truly fixed on the original intended purpose.
Directing or Commanding a management function that can serve not only for employees of implementing or not implementing an activity, but can also function to coordinate the activities of the various elements of the organization to effectively drawn to the realization of the objectives previously
6) Leading,
Leading term, which is one management function, in put forward by Louis A. Allen is formulated as work performed by a manager who causes others to act. Leading jobs, including five kinds of activities, namely 1) make decisions, 2) hold for any mutual communication between managers and subordinates pegertian, 3) to give encouragement, inspiration, and encouragement to subordinates so that they act, 4) choose the people who become members of the group, and 5) improve knowledge and attitudes for their skilled subordinates in order to achieve those objectives.
7) Coordinating,
Coordinating or coordinate is one of the management functions for
perform various activities in order to avoid chaos, strife, emptiness
activities, with connecting roads, unify and harmonize the work
subordinates so that there is co-directed in achieving business goals
organization. Effort that could be done to achieve that goal, among others with
give instructions, orders, held a meeting to give an explanation
guidance or advice, and conduct coaching and if necessary to give warning.
8) Motivating,
Motivating or motivating activity is one of the management function in the form of inspiration, passion and encouragement to subordinates, for his subordinates to do what's appropriate activities voluntarily desired by superiors. Providing inspiration, enthusiasm and encouragement by superiors to subordinates is shown for subordinates increased their activities, or they are more excited perform their duties so that efficient and effective manner.
9) Controlling
Controlling or monitoring, often called control is one function of management conducted an assessment, if necessary, make corrections so that what the subordinates can be directed to the right path in order to achieve the goals that have been outlined previously. In implementing the activities of controlling, boss entered the examination, fitting, and seeks for the activities carried out in accordance with a predetermined plan and goal to be achieved.
10) Reporting.
Reporting or reporting is a management function in the form of delivery
progress or results of operations or the provision of information on everything related to the duties and functions to the higher authorities, both orally and in writing so that in receiving the report to get a view of the tasks the person who gave the report.
Although already mentioned that the management functions consist of ten, but because that one is sometimes include other it will be elaborated further as a function of management is planning, organizing, drafting, guidance and supervision.
The five management function that is something that repeated (cycle), the fifth function, other than named as the management aspects or elements of management, also called management process
A manager who worked on the fifth day-to-day functions, inevitably engaged in various fields of sales, purchasing, production, finance and personnel. Field that we call the field of management. Can we imagine that the manager's activities are very complex

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MANAGER

The success of the community or nation is determined by the success of the whole
organizations contained in the life of the community or nation. Medium
organizational success is determined by the success of managers in order to achieve the goals of the organization.
How does the organization achieve its objectives depends on managerial performance
effectiveness and efficiency of managers. Own management process includes activities
yairu related planning, organizing, directing and controlling.
The organization is a collection of two or more people who are working together
with coordinated, in a structured way to achieve specific goals
or collection purposes. What is a co-ordinated, the answer is that
the division of duties and responsibilities of the job together.
Structured is the job description of each section is clear. For example Milliter
is an organization that has a strong structure (a clear job description.) RT and RW
orgsnisasi examples which have a loose structure (rules are not binding). Goal
organization varies in a deed or legal basis of establishment
organization. For example, the Company was founded with the goal of obtaining
advantage, the University was established to expand and develop science
knowledge. Society requires organization, because organizations serving the community,
allows the community to reach a goal (which by the way an individual can not
achieve it), gain knowledge and provide career.
Managers are people who perform management activities. Every manager always involve others to achieve organizational goals, if a person works alone, he's not a manager. Different managers with the Leader, someone called the manager if he is able to plan, manage and control an organization with a well, while someone called leader is usually associated with people who have high morale, high charisma and ability to motivate others who are very high.
What measure of success in the organization and the manager?.
Peter Drucker suggests 3 kinds of sizes (3 E), namely:
- Efficiency (efficiency)
"Things doing right" (doing something right).
- Economy (economic)
"Minimization + maximization"
- Effectiveness (effectiveness)
"Doing the right thing" (doing something right).
Among the three measures, according to Peter Drucker, the effectiveness is more important than efficiency
and economical, because that is important how to do things right (efficiency),
but more important is to choose the right thing (goal) to do (effectively).

According to Tom Peters and Robert Waterman in "In Search of Excellence (1982), there are 8 signs a management style that makes a business organization can become a successful organization that is:
1) Serga act (predilection to do something anything).
2) Close to the customer (their favorite study and filled).
3) Autonomy and entrepreneurship (breaking down the company into smaller companies
and encourage them to think independently and competitively).
4) Productivity through motivation of organizational members (his foster awareness of all
employees that their best efforts are important and they will also enjoy the success of the company in return).
5) Prioritize the things that are important to the progress of the business (is ready to assist,
priority-value executives emphasized that maintaining good relationships with important efforts the company concerned).
6) Abiding by the things that benefit the business.
7) The organization is simple and does not cost much overhead (keep the business
the company's most knowledgeable or Core Business / Back to Basics).
8) Firmly but tolerant of employees (strict nature coupled flexible
develop a climate of dedication to the company's core values is accompanied
with tolerance for all employees who recognize or accept the values
them.

According to Peters and Waterman, what makes an effective manager and corporate excellence,
intellectual brilliance is not a strategy, but adherence to the basic, namely:
hard work, doing something in a simple, fast acting, interacting with
customers, employees appreciate and preserve the meaning sutu mission.
Criticism of Peter and his friends is because they lack
consider other factors such as technological, cultural environment, competition and
government regulations that often affect the management style of a
organization. The weakness of the book Tom Peters ditanggapinya in 1985, he worked
by Nancy Austin, published a book "Passion for Exellence", where the book
stressed the need for a transfer of management principles of formal and too "academic" to approach a more "humane".
E. TYPE MANAGER

Type Manager, James A Stoner A.R. Edward Freeman divide the types of managers as follows:

MANAGEMENT & MANAGERS


Based on the level or levels comprising:
 First Line / First Level Managers (lower-level managers) as supervisors.
 Middle Managers (middle-level managers), who led the other managers
underneath.
 Top Management (top-level manager), who determine the policy and guidelines
for the organization in dealing with outsiders

Based on the types of activities consist of:

 Functional Managers (functional manager) is responsible for one
organizational activities.
 General Managers (General Manager), who led the organization or unit
involved with various activities.

Important tasks of managers include:

Working with and through others.
Integrating and balancing the goals of conflicting and set priorities.
Responsible and accountable. The analytical and conceptual thinking.
As a mediator.
As a politician.
As a diplomat.
As a decision-making difficult.

F. SKILLS AND THE ROLE OF MANAGERS

To carry out its functions, managers need different
abilities and skills. According to Robert L. Katz, there are 3 (three) kinds
skills of managers are:
 Technical Skill (Technical Skills)
The ability to use the equipment, procedures or techniques of a particular field.
 Human Skills (Skills Humanity)
Ability to work with others, understand and motivate and encourage other people either as individuals or groups. As members of the organization, its relations and especially his own subordinates.
 Conceptual Skill (conceptual skill)
Mental ability of managers to coordinate and integrate all interests and activities of the organization so the organization can be viewed as a unified whole.
Third is the ability and skills as important, but it interests
highly dependent on the position of manager in the level or organizational ladder. Greater technical composition to lower managers and conceptional abilities closer to top-level managers, because they have to take decisions that affect large and long term.

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MANAJEMEN DIANTARA ILMU PENGETAHUAN

Ilmu Pengetahuan dapat dikelompokan kedalam tiga cabang, yaitu : Ilmu Eksakta, Ilmu Sosial dan lmu Pengetahuan Humaniora Ilmu Eksakta adalah cabang Ilmu Pengetahuan yang prinsip-prinsipnya, dalil-dalilnya berlaku universal dan penerapannya juga berlaku universal. Contoh cabang ilmu eksakta seperti ; Ilmu Matematika, Ilmu Fisika, Ilmu Kimia dan yang sejenisnya. Bukti ilmu eksakta berlaku universal misalnya Ilmu Matematika, seperti dibidang Geometri terdapat dalil Pichtagoras yang menyatakan bahwa kuadrat garis miring (hipotenusa) sebuah segi tiga siku-siku akan sama dengan kuadrat kedua sisi yang lain. Dalil ini berlaku dimana saja dan kapan saja. Ilmu Fisika mengatakan bahwa benda yang Berat Jenis (BJ) nya lebih kecil dari BJ air akan mengapung demikian sebaliknya, benda yang BJ nya lebih besar dari BJ air akan tenggelam. Dalil ini berlaku dimana-mana diseluruh dunia dan kapan saja. Demikian rumus-rumus ilmu kimia dapat diterapkan secara umum tidak bergantung pada situasi dan kondisi. Contohnya rumus bangun air adalah H2O bila, dipanaskan akan terurai sebagai berikut : 2H2O  2H2 + O2. Ketentuan ini berlaku secara Universal baik di Indonesia, di Amerika Serikat, di Rusia, Erofa dan dimanapun serta kapan saja. Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial adalah cabang Ilmu Pengetahuan yang dalil-dalilnya, hukum-hukumnya berlaku secara Universal, tetapi penerapannya sangat bergantung pada situasi dan kondisi dimana ia digunakan. Contoh cabang Ilmu Sosial, seperti ; Ilmu Sosiologi, Ilmu Politik, Ilmu Administrasi, Ilmu Ekonomi, Ilmu Hukum dan yang sejenisnya. Bukti ilmu sosial sangat dipengaruhi oleh situasi dan kondisi, misalnya Ilmu Politik secara umum mempunyai batasan sebagai ilmu yang mempelajari pengelolaan kekuasaan dalam suatu negara. Penerapan ilmu politik ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh situasi dan kondisi negara yang bersangkutan. Kekuasaan Negara di Indonesia mengacu kepada Sistem Demokrasi Pancasila, di Amerika Serikat mengacu kepada Sistem Demokrasi Liberal dan di Republik Rakyat Cina mengacu kepada Sistem Demokrasi Komunis.
Meskipun Ilmu Ekonomi penuh dengan Statistik tetapi Ilmu Ekonomi termasuk dalam kelompok Ilmu Sosial, karena penerapan Ilmu Ekonomi diberbagai Negara tidak sama. Di Indonesia penerapan Ilmu Ekonomi berdasarkan kepada azas kekeluargaan, di Amerika Serikat berdasarkan kepada Sistem Ekonomi Pasar (Liberal) dan di negara-negara Komunis menerapkan Ekonomi yang berorientasi kepada kepentingan negara, masyarakat hanyalah sekedar alat ekonomi.
Dari uraian diatas terlihat adanya perbedaan prinsip antara Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Eksakta. Perbedaan itu terletak pada segi penerapannya dilapangan yaitu Ilmu Eksakta tidak dipengaruhi oleh situasi dan kondisi, sedangkan Ilmu Sosial sangat dipengaruhi oleh situasi dan kondisi dimana ia diterapkan.
Ilmu Pengetahuan humaniora adalah ilmu yang berkaitan dengan rasa seni yang
dimiliki oleh manusia, seperti : Seni Sastra, Musik, Pahat, Lukis, dan sebagainya. Ilmu Pengetahuan Humaniora tidak dapat dimasukan dalam Ilmu Sosial, karena bukan ilmu yang mempelajari gerak kegiatan (action) kehidupan manusia, tetapi yang dipelajari adalah kecenderungan “rasa” dan “perasaan” yang menimbulkan bakat dan minat manusia itu untuk berkreasi. Manajemen termasuk ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, karena penerapan nya sangat tergantung pada situasi dan kondisi dimana ia diterapkan. Ilmu Manajemen mempelajari bagaimana sesorang (pimpinan) yang diserahi tanggung jawab itu melaksanakan tugasnya dengan sebaik-baiknya, sehingga tujuan unit organisasi yang dipimpinnya dapat tercapai. Seseorang yang diserahi tugas manajemen disebut manajer. Ilmu Manajemen diperlukan
dalam setiap kegiatan manusia yang hidup berkelompok (unit kerja) seperti rumah tangga, kantor-kantor Pemerintah, Sekoilah atau Universitas maupun Perusahaan Swasta dans sebagainya.

B. MANAJEMEN DAN ADMINISTRASI
Manusia adalah mahluk sosial (masyarakat), ia baru merasakan dirinya sebagai
manusia, apabila ia berada dalam suatu masyarakat. Masyarakat itu tidak hanya terdiri dari manusia-manusia, akan tetapi juga dari hubungan-hubungan antara manusia-manusia itu, baik hubungan secara individual ataupun hubungan antar golongan, atau hubungan antar individual dengan golongan, masyarakat adalah pergaulan hidup antara manusia-manusia itu.
Bentuk-bentuk masyarakat banyak macam ragamnya, ia dapat merupakan hidup
yang berdasarkan rational atau tidak rational, ia dapat merupakan pergaulan hidup yang kecil atau besar. Bentuk-bentuknya dapat berupa “keluarga”, “suku”, “desa”, “kota”, “daerah”, “negara”, “bangsa”, “perkumpulan”, atau “persekutuan”. Semua bentuk itu dimaksudkan untuk mengatasi segala masalah yang dihadapi masyarakat tersebut. Dari pergaulan dalam masyarakat itu terjadi fenomena-fenomena masyarakat. Fenomena-fenomena itu hidup dalam masyarakat dan mempunyai ciri tersendiri, antara lain
fenomena hokum, fenomena ekonomi, fenomena politik dan fenomena andministrasi.
Fenomena hukum mempersoalkan hak dan kewajiban dari dan antara masyarakat
dan anggota-anggotanya. Fenomena ekonomi mengemukakan tentang bagai mana
masyarakat dan anggota-anggotanya mendapat pemuasan dari kebutuhannya tentang
sandang pangan dalam keadaan kekurangan. Fenomena politik menerangkan
bagaimana masyarakat menentukan tujuan-tujuan pokok (politik) dari masyarakat itu.
Sedangkan fenomena administrasi menge mukakan tentang bagaimana caranya
masyarakat itu menyelenggarakan kegiatan-kegiatan/usaha-usaha-nya untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan pokok tersebut.
Ilmu hukum mempelajari fenomena hokum, ilmu ekonomi mempelajari fenomena ekonomi, ilmu politik mempelajari fenomena politik dan ilmu administrasi mempelajari fenomena administrasi.
Ilmu administrasi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bagaimana masyarakat (manusia) menyelenggarakan kegiatan-kegiatan untuk mencapai tujuan pokok yang telah ditentukan terlebih dahulu oleh masyarakat. Apabila yang dipelajari adalah kegiatan dalam mencapai tujuan pokok kenegaraan maka ilmu administrasi itu disebut Ilmu Administrai Publik atau Ilmu Administrasi Negara. Apabila yang dipelajari adalah kegiatan dalam mencapai tujuan pokok keswastaan maka ilmu administrasi itu disebut Ilmu Adminsitrasi Privat atau Ilmu Adiministrasi Niaga.
Administrasi dapat dilihat sebagai badan/person yang menjalankan kegiatan-
kegiatan administrasi. Administrasi juga dapat dilihat sebagai kegiatan, yaitu kegiatan administrasi. Administrasi dapat pula dilihat sebagai suatu proses kegiatan yaitu proses administrasi (kegiatan-kegiatan administrasi dalam rentetan urutan yang terus menerus).
Dalam mencapai tujuannya, setiap badan administrasi menjalankan 3 kegiatan pokok
yaitu :
1) Membuat kebijaksanaan administrasi (administrasi policy making), yaitu membuat garis-
garis besar mengenai apa yang perlu diselenggarakan dan cara-cara
penyelenggaraan dalam mencapai tujuan.
2) Menjalankan manajemen yaitu menjalankan kegiatan-kegiatan untuk mendapat hasil
(tujuan) melalui (menggunakan) orang lain.
3) Menjalankan kegiatan-kegiatan pelaksanaan (operasional yaitu men-jalankan
pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang telah direncanakan oleh manajemen dalam kerangka yang telah ditentukan dalam kebijaksanaan administrasi dan kebijaksanaan menajerial. Kegiatan-kegiatan operasional ini terutama memerlukan keahlian teknik (technical skills) untuk mengerjakan pelbagai pekerjaan.
Jadi setiap manajemen menjalankan kegiatannya dalam rangka administrasi, bahkan karena begitu determinan dalam pencapaian tujuan administrasi, sehingga dikatakan bahwa manajemen itu adalah inti dari administrasi.
Bentuk kebijaksanaan politik dalam Negara ditentukan menurut sistim Peme-rintahan
yang berlaku di Negara itu. Di Negara Republik Indonesia bentuk kebijaksanaan politik itu adalah Undang-undang Dasar 1945 dan Ketetapan MPR dalam tingkat pertama dan dalam tingkat kedua adalah Undang Undang dan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang Undang. Dalam administrasi, Pemerintah/Presiden bekerja dalam batas-batas yang telah ditentu-kan dalam kebijaksanaan politik tersebut. Bentuk kebijaksanaan administrasi dalam bidang kenegaraan banyak macam ragamnya, antara lain : Peraturan Pemerintah, Pidato Kenegaraan Presiden, Ucapan-ucapan resmi Presiden pada kesempatan wawancara dan lain-lain. Pada tingkat Departemen terdapat kebijaksanaan administrasi Menteri dalam bentuk Keputus-an Menteri, Instruksi Menteri dan pada tingkat Direktur Jenderal juga terdapat kebijaksanaan administrasi berupa Keputusan Direktur Jenderal dan seterusnya pada tingkat Propinsi dan Kabupaten.
Pada suatu perusahaan, bentuk kebijaksanaan administrasi adalah Keputusan
Dewan Komisaris atau Badan Pengawas. Sedangkan kebijaksanaan manajerial adalah keputusan-keputusan yang ditetapkan oleh Dewan Direksi atau Direktur. Dalam kerangka kebijaksanaan manajerial ini dimulailah kegiatan-kegiatan manajerial seperti :
perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penempatan, penggerak- an dan pengawasan.
Sebagai suatu proses, administrasi meliputi dua segi utama yaitu segi statik dan segi dinamik.
Segi statik berwujud wadah serta struktur yang mengatur segala hubungan formal antar personal dalam proses pencapaian tujuan. Sedang segi dinamik berwujud keseluruhan kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mencapai kerjasama yang rasional dalam pencapaian tujuan .
Dalam ilmu administrasi, segi statik ini lazim disebut “organi-sasi” dan segi dinamik disebut “manajemen”. Dalam hubungan adanya dua aspek dari pada administrasi ini Dwight Waldo dalam bukunya “The Study of Public Administration” me-ngemukakan bahwa organisasi dan manajemen adalah ciri dari pada administrasi.

C. MANAJEMEN DAN ORGANISASI
Antara organisasi dengan manajemen tidak dapat dipisah kan satu sama lain. Organisasi dapat diibaratkan sebagai anatomi dari pada administrasi sedangkan manajemen sebagai fisiologinya. Keduanya saling bergantungan satu sama lain sebagaimana halnya anatomi dan fisiologi dari pada setiap organisme hidup.
Pemisahan antara “organisasi” dan “manajemen” hanya se- kedar untuk
menunjukan katagori yang diperlukan dalam usaha analisa dan sifatnya katagori yang ideal belaka. Kategorisasi administrasi dalam organisasi dan manajemen merupakan cara melihat atas suatu gejala yang sama.
Organisasi melihat administrasi dalam keadaan yang statik dan memberikan pola, sedang manajemen melihat administrasi dalam keadaan dinamik atau bergeraknya. Pemisahan tersebut tidak perlu dilakukan terlalu tajam karena satu sama lain saling mengisi, hingga dengan demikian tidak menimbulkan salah faham dalam mengadakan perbedaan pengertian. Dengan demikian manajemen adalah administrasi dalam bergeraknya dan karena pimpinan organisasi juga sekaligus pimpinan manajemen maka dialah pula yang mempunyai wewenang untuk menggerakan kemudi administrasinya.

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BETWEEN MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

Science can be grouped into three branches, namely: the exact sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities Knowledge LMU exact sciences are branches of science whose principles, universally accepted his arguments and its application also apply universally. Examples of exact sciences such as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and the like. Evidence of the exact sciences such as Mathematics universally applicable, as there are in the field of geometry theorem which states that the square Pichtagoras slash (hypotenuse) of a right triangle will be equal to the square of the other two sides. This theorem applies anywhere, anytime. Physical Science says that things which Gravity (BJ) BJ's are smaller than water will float and vice versa, objects BJ BJ is larger than water will sink. This theorem applies everywhere in the world and anytime. Similarly, formulas can be applied chemistry in general does not depend on the circumstances. An example formula is H2O when the wake of water, heat will break down as follows: 2H2 + O2 2H2O . This provision applies in the Universal good in Indonesia, the United States, in Russia, Erofa and everywhere and anytime. Social Studies of Science is a branch of its arguments, its laws apply Universal, but its application depends on the circumstances in which it is used. Example branch of Social Sciences, such as the Science of Sociology, Political Science, Administrative Sciences, Economics, Legal Studies and the like. Social science evidence strongly influenced by the circumstances and conditions, such as political science in general, has limitations as a science that studies the management of power within a country. Implementation of political science is heavily influenced by the situation and condition of the country concerned. State power in Indonesia, Pancasila Democracy refers to the System, in the United States refers to the System of Liberal Democracy and the People's Republic of China refers to the System of Communist Democracy.
Although Economics is full of statistics but Economic Studies included in the group of Social Sciences, because the implementation of Economic Science is not the same in many countries. In Indonesia, the implementation of Economics based on the principle of kinship, in the United States according to the Market Economy System (Liberal) and in countries applying the Communist-oriented economy to the interests of the state, society is merely a tool of the economy.
From the description above shows the difference in principle between the Social Sciences and the exact sciences. The difference lies in terms of its application in the field of exact sciences are not influenced by the situation and condition, while the Social Sciences is strongly influenced by the circumstances in which he applied.
Science is the science of humanities related to the sense of art
possessed by humans, such as: Art Literature, Music, sculpting, painting, and so forth. Humanities Science can not be included in the Social Sciences, because it is not the study of motion activity (action) of human life, but is learned is the tendency of "taste" and "feelings" that lead to human interests and talents to be creative. Social Knowledge Management including science, because its implementation depends on the circumstances in which he applied. Management Sciences study how someone (leaders) entrusted with the responsibility of carrying out their duties as well as possible, so that they lead the organizational unit objectives can be achieved. A person entrusted with the task of management is called managers. Management Science is required
in every human activity that live in groups (business units), such as households, government offices, Sekoilah or University or Private Company dans forth.

B. MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
Humans are social creatures (people), he had felt himself as
man, if he is in a society. Society does not consist only of human beings, but also of the relationships between human beings, both individually as well as the relationship between class relations, or relations between the individual with the group, society is the association between human-human life that.
The forms of society are many kinds of variety, it can be a life
are based on rational or not rational, he can be a social life of small or large. Forms can be either "family", "tribe", "village", "city", "region", "country", "nation", "association", or "fellowship". All forms are meant to solve all the problems facing the community. Of association in society that occurred phenomena of society. Phenomena that live in the community and has its own characteristics, among others
legal phenomenon, the phenomenon of economic, political phenomenon and the phenomenon andministrasi.
The phenomenon of questioning the legal rights and obligations of and between communities
and its members. Argued about how economic phenomena which
community and its members get the satisfaction of the needs of
food and clothing in a state of deficiency. Explain political phenomena
how people define the principal objectives (political) of society.
While the phenomenon of the administration about how to know mukakan
society was organized kegiatan-kegiatan/usaha-usaha-nya to achieve these basic objectives.
Studying the phenomenon of legal jurisprudence, economics studying economic phenomena, political phenomena studied political science and administrative science studying the phenomenon of administration.
Administrative science is the study of how people (men) carry out activities to achieve our ultimate goal which had been determined beforehand by the community. When studied are the activities in achieving the ultimate goal of state administration of science is called science Public administration or the State Administrative Sciences. When studied are the activities in achieving the ultimate goal of science administration keswastaan then it is called the Private Administration or the Science Studies Adiministrasi Commerce.
Administration can be viewed as an entity / person which carries on business-
administrative activities. Administration can also be viewed as an activity, namely administrative activities. Administration can also be viewed as a process that is normal administrative activities (administrative activities in a series of continuous sequence).
In achieving its goal, each administrative body run 3 main activities
namely:
1) Make administrative discretion (administrative policy making), which makes the line-
outline of what needs to be organized and the ways
organization in achieving its objectives.
2) Run the management is running the activities to get results
(Destination) via (use) of others.
3) Running the implementation activities (ie operations to run
jobs that have been planned by management within the framework specified in the policy administration and policy menajerial. Operational activities are mainly requires technical skills (technical skills) to do various jobs.
So every management to run its activities in the framework of the administration, even being so determinant in the achievement of administrative goals, so it is said that management is the core of the administration.
Forms of political wisdom in the State is determined according to a government system
prevailing in that State. In the Republic of Indonesia it is a form of political wisdom Act of 1945 and the MPR decree on the first and the second level is the Law and Government Regulation in Lieu of Law. In administration, the Government / President work within the limits that have been determined not in the political wisdom. Shape policy in the field of state administration are many kinds of variety, among others: government regulation, the President of the State Address, the official utterances of President on the occasion of the interview and others. At the Department level there is wisdom in the form of administration of the Minister's decision Minister, Instruction of the Minister and on the level of Director-General also has the administrative discretion of the Director-General and so on at the provincial and district levels.
At one company, the form of administrative discretion is a decision
Board of Commissioners or Board of Supervisors. While the wisdom of managerial decisions which are determined by the Board of Directors or a Director. Within this framework of managerial wisdom began managerial activities such as:
planning, organization, placement, and supervision of drivers.
As a process, the administration includes two main aspects in terms of static and dynamic aspects.
Static aspect of container shape and structure that govern all formal inter-personal relationships in the process of achieving goals. Who's the dynamic aspect of the overall intangible activities performed to achieve a rational cooperation in achieving goals.
In the science of administration, static terms are commonly referred to as "the organization" and the dynamic aspect is called "management". In a relationship there are two aspects of this administration Dwight Waldo in his book "The Study of Public Administration" presents that her organization and management is the hallmark of the administration.

C. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION
Between the organization and management can not be separated from each other right. Can be described as anatomical organization of the administration while the management as physiology. Both are interdependent with one another as well as anatomy and physiology of each organism lives.
The separation between "organization" and "management" just as Kedar for
shows the required category in its category of business analysis and a mere ideal. Categorization in organizational administration and management is how to view on a same symptoms.
The organization saw the administration in a state of static and gives a pattern, is the management view of administration in a state of dynamic or movement. Separation is not necessary too sharply because of complementarity with each other, to thereby avoid misconception in the conduct of discrepancy. Thus management is the administration within the movement and because of organizational leadership is also at the same time he also led the management who have the authority to move the rudder administration.

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