CENTRAL BANK

Central Bank is an institution that has an important role in the economy, especially in monetary affairs, finance and banking. This is apparent from the function and purpose of the Central Bank that is not identical with commercial banks, savings banks and other financial lembanga. Objectives, tasks and authority senteral bank in a country different from the others, depending on the social structure, politics and economics of each country. Viewed from the authority, the composition of organizational units within the central bank basically consists of two levels, namely the highest autority, ie units that have the highest authority and the second level, second level which has authority under the highest.
There are three agencies that have the highest authority in the organization's bank
central which can be expressed as follows:
1. Policy-making body
2. Implementing agency policies
3. The regulatory body.
Policy-making body
the organization of central banks generally shaped Council (Council) and
in formulating policies, decision set based on majority vote.
Implementing agency policies
are the units / agencies within the central bank organization that is empowered to implement and realize the policies already set by policy-making body.
The regulatory body
is a unit within the organization who has the task of central banks and
authority to conduct supervision and inspection at the central bank.
Function of Bank Sentaral
Central bank is basically responsible for maintaining monetary system in order
can work efficiently, so as to ensure the creation of the growth rate of credit / money supply as required to achieve the expected economic growth without causing inflation. In addition, the central bank responsible for managing, protecting and maintaining the stability of the rupiah. In performing this task, the central bank to do it by using the tools / instruments of monetary wisdom as:
a. Politics Discounts
b. Political Open Market Operations
c. Political Changes in the Minimum Reserves
d. Margin Requirement
e. Moral Suasion

Bank Indonesia
in the Act N0. 23 of 1999 states that the purpose of Bank Indonesia is to achieve and maintain rupiah stability. Vision Bank Indonesia central bank is an institution that can be trusted nationally and internationally by strengthening the strategic value that is owned and achieving low and stable inflation.
Bank Indonesia's mission as outlined in the Governor's decision No.
4/22Kep/GBI/INTERN/2002 June 28, 2002 is a purpose, duties and authority of Bank Indonesia, as mandated in the law on Bank Indonesia. In other words the Bank Indonesia's mission is to achieve and maintain rupiah stability by maintaining monetary stability and development of financial system stability for long-term national development sustainable. For Bank Indonesia, the formulation of the vision is expected to assist the organization in:
1. Establish and maintain consistency, and clarity of organizational goals
2. Provide reference to planning and decision making process
3. Getting kemitmen the members of the Board of Governors and all employees through clear communication about organizational tasks, and
4. Getting support and understanding from the parties concerned on the implementation of organizational tasks.
In addition to vision and mission, Bank Indonesia has a strategic value that consists of:
1. Competence (competency)
2. Integrity (integrity)
3. Transparency (Transparency)
4. Accountability (accountability)
5. Cohesiveness
6. payment. In line with these tasks, the organization of Bank Indonesia are grouped into three main sectors:
1. Monetary Sector
2. Banking Sector
3. Sector payment system
4. Internal management sector (as supporters)
5. Law No.23 of 1999 concerning Bank Indonesia has provided a good foundation (conducive) in creating a credible policy of Bank Indonesia. The law has clearly established that the objectives of Bank Indonesia as already mentioned. Next in the Law of Bank Indonesia (UUBI) assigned the task of Bank Indonesia as:
1). To formulate and implement monetary policy,
2). Set up and maintain the smoothness and payment system
3). Regulate and supervise banks.
Strategic Objectives of Bank Indonesia
For the medium and long term strategic goals set seven banks
Indonesia:
1. Achieving price stability, by maintaining appropriate levels of inflation targets at the range and an acceptable period of time through research, policy formulation and effective operation of monetary control
2. Creating a sound banking system and effective, by improving and seeing the stability of the banking and soundness of individual banks through research, policy formulation, regulation, guidance, supervision and effective system of banking information
3. Ensure the safety and efficiency of payment systems, namely by improving safety, efficiency and effectiveness of the national payment system, through policy, regulation and effective control, which is supported by a reliable technology
4. Achieved a positive image both internally and externally, that is well known in Indonesia and international central bank as an institution capable, trustworthy, and reliable through a major contribution to stability and economic growth in Indonesia
5. Improve coordination and networking with those who berkepntingan sperti sawasta government agencies and both domestic and international, through dialogue and
continuous open communication
6. Being a knowledge-based organization, that is by realizing the organization that is able to control, develop and disseminate the relevant knowledge to all the organizations that are supported by information technology through policy and regulatory organizations
7. Developing an effective mnusia resources and highly competent, namely by improving the knowledge, skills and integrity of Bank Indonesia employees, through coaching, training, providing opportunities and programs are effective and sustainable development.
Bank Indonesia Head Office
Organiasai Bank Indonesia consists of units of work at the Head Office
in accordance with the distribution sector.
1. Monetary Sector
2. Banking Sector
3. Sector Payment System
4. Internal Management

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CLASSICAL MONETARY THEORY

Classical monetary theory is based on JB. Say, Irving Fisher and A. Marshall. J.B. Say's law has put forward is famous for stating that the supply will always create a demand (supply creates its own demand). This means that an economy will not experience underemployment or the disebet by Maltus underconsumtion. Total public spending will always be sufficient to support production at current state
Monetary theory of many associated with the quantity theory of money assumes that many factors affect the value of money is the money supply (quantity of money or the supply of money).
Quantity Theory of Recardo
Recardo is the person who originally found the theory of value for money by arguing that the strong and the weak value of money depends on the amount of money in circulation. If the amount of money turned into a 2-fold the amount of money will decrease and a half times the original, otherwise if the money is less by half, then the value of money will be doubled. It happens, because if the amount of money increased to 2 times then it will affect the price rose to two-fold and automatic the value will decrease by half.
This theory sebgai written with the following formula:
M = KP
Where:
M = kuantity of money
P = the general price level
The money supply is initially for OM, and the price level as high as op1. If the amount of money doubled (OM2) then the price rises were also two times (Op2) and the value of money fell by half.
Irving Fisher's Quantity Theory of
Irving Fisher tried to fix Ricardo's theory by including the three factors that mepengaruhi value for money. The theory of Irving Fisher was named "the transaction equation of exchange" which states that "Any payments by households, businesses, and governments on the other hand is a multiplication between price and quantity are the same as multiplying the amount of money in circulation and the speed of rotation". Mathematically, this relationship can be written
MV = PT
Where:
M = Quanti of money
V = velocity of circulation of money
P = price level
T = volume of good and services.
M x V shows the number of payments / expenditures are made public within a certain period. On the other hand it is payment for the purchase of goods and services (T), while T is to know the price (P), so the number of purchases declared
M x V = P x T.
From this formula can be determined the level of price and value for money, the price level equal to the amount of money multiplied by the speed of rotation divided by the number of goods traded:
P = MV / T is the value of money
W = 1 / P.
The fact indicates that the factor P is passive is not always true. Sometimes P may also play a decisive role in influencing the speed of the velocity of money. Thus between M, VP and T there is a relationship of mutual influence of affect. This fact may weaken the theory of Irving Fisher as a tool of monetary analysis.
Quantity Theory of D.H. Roberston
The quantity theory of Irving Fisher formulated back by DH Robertson becomes M = OPT. Actually both theories are the same, the difference lies in the approach. Irving Fisher reviewed the transaction through velocity (average velocity of money transactions). D.H. Robetson approached through cash balance (the average long idle money.) Therefore, the quantity theory of Robetson equaition is called cash balance., Factor V in the transaction velocity of approach by Robertson replaced by k in the cash balance approach. k that indicates how long on average each mengaggur dollars in cash is a reversal of the V which shows how many times each and every dollars change hands.
So k = 1 / V
and if the formula
M = KPT, we change k to 1 / V. then obtained by the formula;
M = TP / V or
MV = PT.
Quantity Theory of Marshall
What is the quantity theory in the face of more focused attention on the relationship between the amount of money with the price, then Mrshall notice a link between the amount of money to national income by the formula:
M = kY
Where:
M = Quanity of money
Y = income in cash bentuik
K = pendaoatan part of that is not spent and want controlled
in bnetuk money
Because the money was income derived from the amount of production multiplied by price
(PO), the Fisher formula can be written as
MV = PO = Y.
Marshall's theory is the beginning of the theory of demand for money. This theory is still very simple, it contains some weaknesses, these weaknesses and then enhanced by subsequent theory. The first drawback is that in reality is not fixed V, both in developed and developing countries. V tend to be constant. The second drawback is the classical theory ignores the influence of the interest rate on perimtaan money. The quantity theory of money assumes that the demand for cash is not affected by interest rate (because the main motive for holding money is for the transaction, the amount depending on income.

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UNDERSTANDING THE LEARNING EVALUATION

Evaluation can be defined as an activity that is planned to determine the state of an object by using the instruments and the results were compared with a
benchmarks to obtain a conclusion. The main function of evaluation is to examine an object or situation to get the right information as a basis for decision making
According Grondlund opinions and Linn (1990) says that pembelajran evaluation is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information secaras
systematically to determine the extent of achievement of learning objectives.
To obtain the right information in the evaluation is done through measurement activities. Measurement is a process of scoring or the numbers of a condition or symptom based atura-specific rules. Thus there is strong correlation between measurements (measurment) and evaluation (evaluation) activities is a basic measurement in the evaluation.
Evaluation is the process of describing, collecting and presenting some useful information for consideration in the decision. Evaluation is an evaluation of learning in the field of learning. The objective evaluation
learning is to gather information as fundamental to know the extent of progress, development, and achievement of student learning and teaching effectiveness of teachers. Evaluation of learning includes the measurement and assessment activities. When viewed from the goal, the learning evaluation is divided based on diagnostic evaluation, selective, placement, formative and summative. When viewed from the target,
evaluation of learning can be distinguished on the evaluation context, inputs, processes, results and outcom. The evaluation process carried out through three phases: planning, execution, processing and reporting.

Types of Learning Evaluation

A. This type of evaluation based on the objectives of the five types of evaluation are distinguished:
1. Diagnostic evaluation diagnostic evaluation is an evaluation which aimed to examine the weaknesses of students and their contributing factors.
2. Evaluation of selective selective evaluation is an evaluation that is used to select the most appropriate Siwa in accordance with criteria specific program activities.
3. Evaluation of placement Eva; uasi placement is an evaluation that is used to place students in certain educational programs in accordance with the characteristics of students.
4. Formative evaluation
5. Formative evaluation Formative evaluation is evaluation carried out to improve and increase the process of learning and teaching.
6. Summative Evaluation Summative Evaluation is an evaluation conducted to determine the outcome and progress bekajra students.

B. This type of evaluation based on the target:

1. Evaluation The evaluation context is intended to measure the context of good programs on rational objectives, background programs, as well as the needs that arise in planning
2. Evaluation Evaluation input that is directed to determine whether the input of resources and strategies used to achieve the goal.
3. Evaluation Evaluation is the process aimed to see the process of implementation, both on kalancaran process, compliance with plans, supporting factors and resistance factor that emerged in the process of implementation, and the like.
4. Evaluation of the results or product evaluation program is directed to look at the results achieved as a basis for determining the final decision, repaired, modified, upgraded or discontinued.
5. Evaluation Evaluation outcom or graduates who are directed to look further student learning outcomes, evaluation of graduates yankni after plunging into the community.

C. Type of evaluation based on the scope of learning activities:

1. Evaluation Evaluais learning program that includes the objectives of learning, content learning programs, teaching and learning strategies, aspe-learning other aspects of the program.
2. Evaluation Evaluation of the learning process that includes the adjustment of learning peoses with the outlines of the learning program that is set, the ability of teachers in implementing the learning process, students' skills in following the learning process.
3. Evaluation Evaluation of learning outcomes learning outcomes include the level of student mastery of defined learning objectives, both general and specific, are reviewed in cognitive, affective, psychomotor.

D. This type of evaluation based on the object and subject of evaluation by the object:

1. Evaluation Evaluation of student input includes the ability of personality, attitudes, beliefs.
2. Evaluation Evaluation tnsformasi against each transformation elements of learning processes among other materials, media, and other methods.
3. Evaluation The evaluation of the graduate output refers to the achievement of learning outcomes.
Based on the subject:
1. Evaluation of internal evaluation done by people in the school as an evaluator, such as teachers.
2. External Evaluation
3. Evaluation is done by people outside the school as evaluators, such as parents, community.

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NATIONAL MONUMENTS

National Monuments

National Monument or the popular abbreviated or Tugu Monas Monument is a monument as high as 132 meters (433 feet) which was established to commemorate the resistance and the Indonesian people's struggle for independence from the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. Construction of this monument began on August 17, 1961 under the orders of President Sukarno, and opened to the public on July 12, 1975. The monument is crowned with flame-coated gold leaf that symbolizes the spirit of the glowing struggle. National Monument is located right in the middle of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta. Monuments and museums are open every day starting at 08:00 to 15:00 West Indonesia Time. On Monday last week of each month is closed to the public.

History
After the central government of the Republic of Indonesia returned to Jakarta after the previous domicile in Yogyakarta in 1950 following the recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia by the Dutch government in 1949, President Sukarno began thinking about building a national monument which is equivalent to the Eiffel Tower on the ground right in front of Merdeka Palace. Monas monument Development aims to commemorate and preserve the Indonesian struggle during the revolution of independence, 1945, to continue to inspire patriotism and spirit of present and future generations.
On August 17, 1954 a national committee was formed and a national monument design competition held in 1955. There are 51 works entered, but only one works made by Frederich Silaban who meet the prescribed criteria of the committee, among others, describe the character of the Indonesian nation and can last for centuries. The second contest was held in 1960 but again none of 136 participants who meet the criteria. Chairman of the jury later asked Silaban to show the design to Sukarno. However, Sukarno less like the design it and he wanted the monument was shaped phallus and yoni. Silaban then asked to design a monument with a theme like that, but the design of the proposed Silaban too extraordinary that the costs are very large and can not be borne by the state budget, especially when economic conditions were bad enough. Silaban refused to design a smaller building, and suggested that development be postponed until the Indonesian economy improves. Sukarno then asks architect R.M. Soedarsono to resume the draft. Soedarsono enter number 17, 8 and 45, represent begin August 17, 1945 proclamation of Indonesian independence, into the design of the monument. [1] [2] [3] The National Memorial was later built in the area of 80 hectares. This monument diarsiteki Silaban and R. Friedrich M. Soedarsono, began construction August 17, 1961.

Development
The development consists of three stages. The first phase, the period 1961/1962 - 1964/1965 officially begins with the start of construction on August 17, 1961 with a ceremonial stick Sukarno first concrete pegs. Total 284 pins are used as building foundation concrete. A total of 360 pegs embedded earth for the foundation of the national history museum. The entire foundation erection completed in March 1962. The walls of the museum at the base of the building was completed in October. Development obelisk then started and finally completed in August 1963. The second phase of development took place in the period 1966 until 1968 due to the September 30th Movement of 1965 (G-30-S/PKI) and an attempted coup, this phase was delayed. The final stage took place in 1969-1976 by adding a diorama at the museum's history. Although construction has been completed, problems still occur, including leakage of water that flooded the museum. The monument was officially opened to the public and was inaugurated on July 12, 1975 by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto. [4] [5] The location of this monument known as the Merdeka Square. Monas Square experiencing five times the renaming Gambier Field, Field Ikada, Merdeka Square, National Monument Square and Monument Park. Around the monument there is a garden, two ponds and some open field where the exercise. On holidays Medan Merdeka filled with visitors who enjoy the scenery Monas recreation and perform various activities in the park.

Design Monuments
Monas design based on the concept of universal eternal partner; Linga and Yoni. Monument towering obelisk that symbolizes the phallus male, masculine elements which are active and positive, and symbolizes the day. While the court of the cup base of the obelisk is Yoni symbolizes the female, the feminine element is passive and negative, and symbolizes the night. [6] Linga and yoni is the symbol of fertility and harmonious unity complementary Indonesia since prehistoric times. Also Monas form can also be interpreted as a pair of "pestle" and "mortar", a rice pestle found in every traditional Indonesian peasant household. Thus the full dimensions of the monument design distinctive national culture of Indonesia. The monument consists of 117.7 meters above the obelisk on a square base of The 17 meters tall, the court of the cup. This monument is coated with Italian marble.
Swimming on Merdeka Square Park North is 25 x 25 meters designed as part of the air conditioning system as well as enhance your appearance Monument Park. Nearby there is the fountain and statue of Prince Diponegoro, who was riding his horse, made of bronze weighing 8 tons. The statue was created by Italian sculptor, Professor. Coberlato [7] as a donation by the Consulate General of Honores, Dr. Mario Bross in Indonesia. The entrance to the monument located in North Merdeka park near the statue of Prince Diponegoro. Entrance through a tunnel that is 3 m below the park and cross the road this monument, the entrance of visitors to the memorial monument. Ticket booth located at the end of the tunnel. When the visitors got back into the ground on the north side of the monument, visitors can continue the tour of the relief of the history of the struggle of Indonesia; get into the museum of national history through the door at the northeast corner, or straight up into the middle towards independence hall or elevator to the top court of the monument.

Relief Indonesian History
In the courtyard outside around the monument, at every corner there is a relief depicting the history of Indonesia arise. Relief begins at the northeast corner to perpetuate the glory of the archipelago in the past, displaying the history Singhasari and Majapahit. This relief continues in chronological order in a clockwise direction towards the southeast corner, southwest, and northwest. Chronologically depict the Dutch colonial period, the resistance of the people of Indonesia and Indonesia's national heroes, the formation of modern organizations that fight for an independent Indonesia in the early 20th century, Youth Pledge, the Japanese Occupation and World War II, Indonesia's independence proclamation followed the Revolution and War of Independence of the Republic Indonesia, to achieve the development of modern Indonesia. Reliefs and sculptures are made of cement or metal pipe with the frame, unfortunately some sculptures and statues began to fall out and damaged by rain and tropical weather.

National History Museum
At the base of the monument at a depth of 3 meters below ground level, there is the Museum of National History of Indonesia. Large space museum of history of national struggle with the size 80 x 80 meters wide, can accommodate about 500 people visitors. This marble great room there were 48 dioramas on all four sides and 3 diorama in the middle, so that a total of 51 dioramas. This diorama shows the history of Indonesia since the pre-history to the New Order. This diorama dimula from the northeast corner moving clockwise journey tracing the history of Indonesia; begin the pre-history, the ancient empire like Srivijaya and Majapahit, followed by European colonial period that followed the resistance of the pre-independence national hero against the VOC and Dutch East Indies government. Diorama continues until the period of the Indonesian national movement of the early 20th century, Japanese occupation, wars of independence and the revolution, until the New Order of Suharto's reign.

Independence Room
Inside the monument there is cup-shaped amphitheater Independence Room. This room can be achieved through spin ladder in the north and south side doors. The room is storing state symbols and independence of the Republic of Indonesia. Among the original text of Indonesia's Independence Proclamation stored in a glass case inside the gilded gates, the symbol of the state of Indonesia, a map of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia archipelago gold plated, white and red flag, and the walls are inscribed the manuscript Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia. [1] [8 ]. In the space of Independence National Monument was used as a quiet room and meditate for a moment of silence remembering the essence of independence and the struggle of the Indonesian nation. The original of the proclamation of Indonesian independence is stored in a glass case in the gold-plated gate. Mechanical door is made of bronze weighing 4 tons of gold-plated engravings adorned Wijaya Kusuma flower that symbolizes eternity, and the lotus flower which symbolizes purity. This door is located on the west side of the wall right in the middle of the room and black marble. The door is known as a mechanically Independence Gate will open as he let out the song "State Song" followed later by a recorded voice reading the manuscript proclamation middle Sukarno on August 17, 1945. On the south side there is a statue of Garuda Pancasila, the Indonesian state emblem made of bronze weighing 3.5 tons and gold plated. On the eastern side there is writing the script lettered proclamation bronze, this side should display the flag of the most sacred and exalted Sang Saka Merah Putih, which was originally flown on August 17, 1945. But because his condition was getting old and fragile, sacred flag is not displayed. Diding north side of this black marble featuring gilded archipelago, symbolizing the location of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia.

Court Summit and Independence Fire
An elevator (lift) on the south side of the door will bring visitors to the court of the peak size of 11 x 11 meters at an altitude of 115 meters from ground level. This elevator transport capacity of 11 people once. Court of this peak can accommodate about 50 people, and there are binoculars to see the panorama of Jakarta closer. In the elevator around the body there is an emergency staircase made of iron. From the top court of the Monas monument, visitors can enjoy views across the city. If the sunny weather conditions without the smoke haze, in the direction to the south visible from a distance of Mount Salak in Bogor regency, West Java, stretching north sea with small islands.
National Monument at the top there is the cup that sustains bronze torches weighing 14.5 tons and 35 Kilograms of gold coated. Flame or torch, measuring 14 meters high and 6 meters in diameter consisting of 77 sections that are put together. This flame as a symbol of the spirit of struggle of the Indonesian people who want to achieve independence. Initially the flame is coated sheet bronze gold weighing 35 kilograms [1], but to welcome the celebration of half a century (50 years) Indonesian independence in 1995, gold leaf was re-covered so as to achieve weight 50 kilograms of gold sheet. [9] Peak monument form of "Fire Nan unflagging" meaningful for the Indonesian nation always has a fiery spirit in the struggle and never recede or outages of all time. Court of the cup to provide views for visitors from a height of 17 meters from ground level. Court of the cup can be reached via an elevator when it fell from the top court, or through the ladder reached the bottom of the cup. High court of the cup from the bottom of 17 meters, while the high range of space history museum to the bottom of the cup is 8 m (3 feet below ground plus 5 meters of stairs to the base plate). Area of the square courtyard, measuring 45 x 45 meters, it is the preservation of sacred figures Proclamation of Independence (17-8-1945).

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SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

Understanding the social sciences are a group of academic disciplines which study the aspects related to human and social environment. Science is different from the arts and humanities because it emphasizes the use of scientific methods in human memempelajari, including quantitative methods and kulaitatif.
Philosophy as the mother of all science (mater scientiarum) characters are Plato, Aristotle, Jhin Lokce, Thomas Hobbes, JJ Rousseao.
Philosophy there are three;
1. Natural philosophy, astronomy, physics, (cosmology), chemistry, biology, geography (natural science)
2. Psycho Philosophy; psychology
3. social philosophy; science socio science.

Education according to law No. 20 of 2003 on National Education System article 1 paragraph 1 of education is a conscious and planned to create an atmosphere of learning and the learning process so that learners are actively developing self-personality, intelligence, noble character, as well as the necessary skills themselves, society, nation and the State.
Five points to consider in education;
1. education is a conscious effort to prepare learners
2. education as a guidance activity
3. education as teaching activities
4. education as training activities
5. the role of learners
Client (1989) is a substantial school curriculum. Curriculum as a national plan in an effort to achieve national education goals. Education above adopts rekontrukturisme. Rekontrukturisme ideology calls for education aimed at the ability of the learner's participation will in near compaction.
Science Calhaun social science (1971) science social science as the study of human behavior (the study of the group behavior of human Beings).
Education social science of science; education on social science disciplines
 SMU / SMK; basic level, is still the beginning.
 Students; depth of field of study material for these differences will cause differences in curriculum
 Two things diperhatika of students from all disciplines penajaran
1. Mastery of scientific mastery sustansif aspects of research procedures that can be used to develop the theory of generalization, and concept of the concept of fact.
2. control procedures in the scientific search for truth hedodolis yanti mastery theory, generalization, the concept of the concept of fact.

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