MENDUT TEMPLE

The temple is located about 3 km before the temple of Borobudur of Yogyakarta direction, this temple has a pyramid-shaped roof and inside there are Buddhist statues yag flanked by two statues.

Mendut background is a Buddhist temple. This temple is located in the village Mendut, Mungkid district, Magelang regency, Central Java, a few kilometers from Borobudur temple. 7 ° 36'17 .17 "S 110 ° 13'48 .01" E / 7.6047694 ° S 110.2300028 ° E
Period of manufacture
Mendut before the restored ruins of the temple, 1880.
Mendut founded during the reign of King Indra of the dynasty dynasty. In the inscription of bertarikh Karangtengah 824 AD, mentioned that the king Indra has built a shrine called wenuwana which means bamboo forests. By a Dutch archeologist named J.G. de Casparis, this word is connected with Mendut.
Temple architecture
Building materials is actually a brick temple that was covered with natural stone. The building is located on a basement high, so it looks more elegant and sturdy. The stairs go up and the entrance facing southwest. Above the basement there is the hallway that surrounds the body temple. The roof is three-tiered and decorated with small stupas. The number of small stupas built today is 48 pieces.
Building height is 26.4 meters.
Decoration on Mendut
Three statues in the temple Mendut, Dhyani Buddha statues enclosed Wairocana Boddhisatwa Awalokiteswara and Wajrapani.
Decoration found on Mendut form a criss-cross decoration. Decorated with carvings of celestial beings and gods gandarwa APSARA or an angel, two monkeys and a lone eagle.
On both sides there are stairs reliefs Pancatantra stories and temples decorated with reliefs Boddhisatwa jataka.Hariti.Dinding among Awalokiteswara, Maitreya, Wajrapāṇi and Manjusri. In the body wall of the temple there is a relief kalpataru, two angels, Hariti (a yaksi who repent and then follow the Buddha) and Āţawaka.
Buddha in a position dharmacakramudra. Inside the main temple there is a large Buddha statues of three: the Dhyani Buddha Wairocana with the attitude of the hands (mudras) dharmacakramudra. In front of Buddha statues there is a relief in the form of wheels and flanked by a pair of deer, the symbol of Buddha. On the left there is a statue of Awalokiteswara (Padmapāņi) and the right statue Wajrapāņi. Now in front of the statue of Buddha placed hio-hio and baskets to donate. The visitors could spark an incense and pray here.
Chronology of discovery
• 1836 - Found and cleaned
• 1897 - 1904 feet and the body of the temple repaired but less satisfactory results.
• 1908 - Corrected by Theodoor van Erp. The peak can be rearranged.
• 1925 - a number of stupas rearranged.
Reliefs
Below are detailed some relief talks will be presented.
Relief 1 (Brahmin and a crab)
Brahmin and a crab.
In these reliefs there are paintings of animal stories or fables that are known from Pancatantra or Jataka. The full story is presented below:
So is a Brahmin who came from the underworld and named Dwijeswara. He is very dear to all kinds of animals.
They moved him to pray at the mountain and met with a crab on top of a mountain named Astapada, brought in clothes. Then the Brahmin said: "Kubawanya into the river, because I feel sorry for." So he went and met with a hall resting on the riverbank. Then dilepaslah the crab by the Brahmins. The Astapada was relieved of his heart. While the Brahmin rest in these halls. He slept with pleasure, her comfortable.
It is a snake who befriends a crow and a threat to the Brahmins. And the serpent said to his friend the Raven: "If any man come here to sleep, tell me, I was his prey."
The crow saw the Brahmin sleeping on the couch. Immediately out of the snake he said: "I want to prey on his comrade." That's their agreement.
The crabs are brought by the Brahmin heard. Then said the crab in the heart: "Oh, really bad crime the Raven and the snake. Equally bad behavior. "Occurred to him that the crab indebted to the Brahmins. He wants to pay off its debts, so he thought. "There's my strategy, I will be friends with both." Then said the crab, "O my two friends, will kupanjangkan your neck, so that more enjoyable if you want to eat the Brahmin." - "I agree with you suggest, immediately. "So said the raven and the snake both. The two-handed both of them join their necks and disupit on there and here by the crab, and both broke instantly. Death to the Raven and the serpent.
Relief 2 (geese and turtles)
Geese and turtles have in relief painting animal stories or fables that are known from Pancatantra or Jataka. The full story is presented below. But the story is presented below is somewhat different version with paintings in relief this:
There is a turtle living in the lake Kumudawati. The lake was very picturesque, many tunjungnya beranekawarna, there are white, red and (lotus) blue.
There are female male swan, wander looking for food at the origin Kumudawati lake water from lake Manasasara.Adapun name of the goose, the Cakrangga (name) gander, the Cakranggi (name) a female goose. They were living together at the lake Kumudawati.
So already lamalah friends with the turtles. The Durbudi (name) of the male, while the Kacapa (name) of the female.
So it was already nearly dry season. The water in the lake Kumudawati increasingly mengeringlah. [Both] goose, the Cakrangga and the Cakranggi then said goodbye to their friend the tortoise; the Durbudi and the Kacapa. He said:
"O friend we asked ourselves out of here. We want to go from here, because the more mengeringlah water in the lake. Especially before the season we kuasalah kemarau.Tidak far from water. That's why we want to fly from here, fled to a mountain lake called Hima Manasasana. Very pure water is clear and deep. Do not dry out even though the dry season. That's where our goal comrade. "So said the angsa.Maka kurapun answered the tortoise, he said:
"Oh friend, our great love to you, now you will be leaving us, trying to own your life.
Is not (state) with us by you, can not be far from water? Wherever you go we will go, in your joys and sorrows. This is the result of our friendship with you.
Goose replied: "Well the turtles. We no sense. It's no wood, ye pagutlah center, we'll bite the ends there and here with my wife. There is strong we'll bring you fly, [just] do not loose your bite, and again do not talk. Everything that we overcome as long as we fly you later, you should not be reprimanded as well. If someone had asked not to be answered too. That's what you should do, do not comply with our words. If you do not follow our instructions will not work you get to their destination, will end up dead. "So said the goose.
Then dipagutlah middle of the wood by the tortoise, the tip and base pecked by a swan, there and here, the men chant, right kiri.Segera carried by geese flying, will wander into the lake Manasasara, expected destination. It has been far they fly, and came in above fields Wilanggala.Maka are male and female dogs who take shelter under a mango tree. Si Nohan male dog name, the name of the female Babyan. So mendongaklah the female dog, see the geese fly, they both fly the tortoise. Then he said. "O my father, behold, there it is very improbable. Turtles flown by a pair of swans! "Then the male dog answered:" It is impossible for your words. Since when there is a turtle that was brought by the geese fly? Not the tortoise but dry buffalo dung, nests karu-karu! Presents for children geese, there it was! "So said the male dog.
Heard the words of the dog by the tortoise, became angry thought. Bergetarlah mouth because it is considered dry buffalo dung, nests karu-karu.
So mengangalah the tortoise's mouth, loose wood dipagutnyam fell to the ground and then eaten by wolves and the male swan betina.Si shame not complied with his advice. Then they continued on flying to the lake Manasasara.

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BOROBUDUR TEMPLE

The world's biggest Buddhist temple which is one master piece of work among the Seven Wonders of the World is located in the village of Borobudur Borobudur Kec approximately 3 km from the city Mungkid (40km) from Yogyakarta.Kawasan temple built by King Samaratungga of dynasty dynasty in the eighth century has now surrounded by a park area with various power charm for visitors. Strategic location of the magnificent Borobudur temple and sturdy (read: Borobudur Nan Megah) has been much written by several researchers and archaeologists (Sutanto, 2005). But many researchers are up to now still can not decide when they built the Borobudur Temple. But the estimate of the founding of the temple is based on a brief article on frame inscribed reliefs that are at the foot of the temple, which is more or less in the late 8th century to the early 9th century, or about the year 800 AD.
Borobudur temple is located in the framework of the golden century dynasty dynasty, ie, between the 8th century until the 9th century. This triumph was marked by the construction of a large number of buildings scattered temples on the island of Java and Sumatra. Some inscriptions show that the temple is an expression Borbudur dynasty dynasty to uphold and glorify Mahayana Buddhism.
Historical records show that the Borobudur temple built during the leadership of King of the dynasty the most famous dynasty, namely Samaratungga, c. 800s AD. At that time, the construction of this temple is believed to decorate / add rocks in the area of natural hills, so that Borobudur is believed to be piles of stones placed on top of a towering hill. Stones that are organized into the temple as much as 55,000 m3 of andesite, with a tiered pyramid-shaped building that has stairs on all four sides (more at Borobudur Building Structures).
In the reign of King Samaratungga Borobudur temple used as a center of religious activities and worship and pilgrimage in the King Samaratungga. In addition, this temple is also known as centers of knowledge and cultural center of Mahayana Buddhism, and the center of life and economic activities in the dynasty era dynasty.
Triumph Borobudur is believed to survive for 150 years and gradually faded and tended to collapse along with the collapse of the triumph of dynasty dynasty, which was replaced by growth and development of the Kingdom of Mataram era in the year 930 (or roughly the 10th century.) This change had an impact on the shifting center of culture and society towards the east, which is in Jogjakarta. Another impact of this change of power is destroyed and the damage to Borobudur temple, and eventually forgotten and lost in the swallow.
People who are credited with restoring and raising building Borobudur temple of darkness and extinction is Sir Thomas Stanford Rafles in 1814. Rafles was a Lieutenant Governor General of British colonial rule in Indonesia in 1811-1816.
Rafles business are passed by a resident Kedu named Hartman, by doing cleaning the debris from ground dirt and mud (soil and mud is believed to be a remnant of the lava erupting volcano lutusan one existing at the time).
History of Borobudur temple is located in the village of Borobudur, Magelang regency, Central Java. This temple is the second largest Buddhist temple after Ankor Wat temple in Cambodia and included in one of the seven wonders of the world. There are several versions about the origins of the name of this temple. The first version says that the name comes from the Sanskrit Borobudur is "bara" which means "temple or monastery complex" and "beduhur" meaning "high / above".

The second version says that the name Borobudur History possibility comes from the word "sambharabudhara" which means "mountain slope terraces." A third version is interpreted by prof. Dr. Borobudur Poerbotjoroko explains that the word comes from the word "bhoro" which means "monastery" or "dorm" and "Budur" which means "above".

Poerbotjoroko opinion is corroborated by prof. Dr. W.F. Stutterheim who argue that Bodorbudur means "monastery on a hill". Meanwhile, another version put forward by Prof. J.G. de Casparis based on inscriptions Middle Reef, said that Borobudur comes from the word "bhumisambharabudhara" which means "place of worship of ancestral spirits."

Middle Reef was still based on inscriptions and added to the inscription Kahuluan, JG de Casparis in his dissertation in 1950 said that the history of Borobudur Temple was founded by King Samaratungga estimated from Sayilendra dynasty circa Sangkala sense Sagara Caka kstidhara or 746 years (824 AD) and can only be resolved by a daughter named Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani in about the year 847 AD. Making this temple according to the inscription Klurak (784 AD) assisted by a teacher from Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya and a prince of Kashmir called Visvawarma.

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RICE IN INDONESIA

Rice is rice, rice food is still a raw food can not be eaten, then terlebihd first be cooked to be eaten and consumed. Rice derived from rice plants at planting by rural farming communities. Before the formation of the first young rice plants grown in fields that have been given a plow and fertilizer by farmers. So the land becomes fertile and contains many elements of nutrients that can fertilize plants. The process of land piracy using the tractor or by menual by using cow or ox dilakukann using traditional tools. Then after the hijacking of paddy before the rice seedlings are planted by the lip of the worker, done in parallel and in sequence with each other to make it easier for farmers to do the weeding. Penyiagan done when the rice has been aged less than three months from the time of planting. Also dilakuka spraying pests and animal wildlife that can affect the productivity of rice yield.
Rice who has stepped on the time of conception must be sprayed to help the process of fertilization. After a period of time spraying and treatment of rice has mengguninng, still need to be safeguards for the rice crop is not destroyed and eaten by wild animals, birds or rodents and is generally the most disturbing is the farming communities planthopper pests and pest grasshoppers.
After the rice has been contained mengguning and then later the harvesting. Rice that has been harvested then deposited and sold to middlemen brokers.
And partly cooked and boiled so that the rice. The process of boiling rice is also known as 'team'. Penanakan needed to evoke the smell of rice and make it softer but still maintained for consistency. Making rice with excess water in the process perebusannya will produce pulp.
Colors that have been cooked rice (cooking) vary depending on the type of rice used. In general, color is white rice when white rice is used. Brown rice or black rice rice will produce a similar color with the color of rice. Low content of amylose in rice starch will produce the rice tends to be more transparent and sticky. Sticky rice, which contains very little starch amylose and amylopectin almost entirely, to have such properties. Japanese rice (japonica) for sushi contains about 12-15% amylose content, so the rice is more sticky than the rice consumed in Tropical Asia, which amilosanya levels around 20%. In general, amylose content of rice by more than 24% will produce rice that 'inflammation' (not sticky, hard, and easily separated.)
Rice is eaten by most people in Asia as the main carbohydrate source in the daily menu. Rice as a staple food usually served with side dishes to complement the taste and also complement one's nutritional needs. Rice can be treated again with other food ingredients into new dishes, like fried rice, yellow rice or rice kebuli. Rice is the staple food can be said for people in Asia, especially Southeast Asia.

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Starting entrepreneurship

A. Introduction

Who often complained of by the students when it will start the entrepreneurship,
where to start? In addition, students often even the general public,
plagued by illness' do-not 'like' lest I lose ',' lest not
behavior 'when it would start a business. In addition, some doubt 'Oh no
rival a lot ', how can I can win the competition?
The following will be presented the steps in starting a business based on the theoretical framework of lecture modules 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8.

B. The steps to start entrepreneurship
1. Identifying business opportunities
In the third lecture module on business opportunities actually stated that opportunities exist all around us, it's just that there are some individuals who are able to view the situation as an opportunity that does not exist. This is due to factors information in its possession information allows one to know that there are opportunities for other people sat ignored the situation. Access to information is influenced by life experiences and social relationships (Shane, 2003).
a. Experience life. Life experience to give greater access of
information and knowledge about the discovery of opportunities. Two aspects of
life experiences that increase the likelihood of someone finding
opportunities of work function and variation of work.
b. Social relationships. An important step in which one obtains
information from interactions with others. Some experts recommend that when a fear of entrepreneurship are alone, then started the business as a group is an alternative. Therefore, the quality and quantity of social interaction will further enable individuals to create groups in entrepreneurship. The information is important when going to start a business is information about the location, market potential, sources of capital, labor, and organized manner. The combination of an extensive network and background kenekaragaman
the rear will make it easier to get information.
Some sources of business opportunities, among others:
a. Changes in technology
b. Changes in policy and politics
c. Socio-demographic changes

2. Optimizing Potential self
After about the business opportunities it must be combined with the potential
self. What competitive advantage do I have? What often happens in our society is to choose a business that is a trend at that time. This is fine but when the growth process does not create innovation, it will be difficult to compete. Counter HP in Yogyakarta is a mushrooming business in 3-4 years. If they do not have competitive advantages such as after-sales service, competitive prices, or service is generally good, it is difficult to grow. Someone comes into a store to buy HP, largely because the information had been obtained beforehand whether by word of mouth or from newspapers. This is very different from the expert therapist for autistic children. Reality shows autistic increased in society, while the service or therapist autism has not been too much. Special expertise that 'rare' to search people without considering aspects of the business location.
Knowledge-based service business (knowledge-intensive service) is an alternative business that has a competitive advantage. Usually they set up businesses such as financial consultants, management consultants, engineering consultants because of the ability of knowledge he had. Therefore, this business model should be developed in kewiarausahaan in Higher Education. Students are encouraged to research specific areas of knowledge to new knowledge and can be utilized by the community.
Apart from self-potential in terms of the knowledge we have, it would still need
optimizing aspects of motivation and personality. In the fifth lecture module characteristics
Psychology of entrepreneurship from the perspective of the description was obtained some
kaharakteristik that drive business success and what does not. Therefore,
the extent to which you are able to optimize the potential psychological in starting a
business?

3. The focus in the business of
Peter Drucker states that an expert in entrepreneurship in the starting a business or be advised to focus innovation starts from a small-based resources we have. Vidi catering in Yogyakarta is one example where the founders background undergraduate agricultural technology, food processing department. Starting a business rantangan for children in boarding house because they live in the vicinity of campus, then as basic knowledge in the field of food processing, and then developed into catering, hotels, and now and the conference hall wedding packages (event organizer).

4. Courage to start.
Entrepreneurship world is a world of uncertainty while the information
owned by that will start a little business. Therefore, 'a little bit crazy'
(Overconfidence) and dare to take risks is extremely necessary. Do it first. The road first. If there is trouble, just wanted Jelan discharge.

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TEACHING PROFESSION

What, Why, and How to Work Profession
Profession is a job in carrying out their duties require / demand expertise (expertise), using scientific techniques, and dedication. Expertise gained from the educational institution dedicated to it with a curriculum that can be accounted for.
The characteristics of professions, namely the existence of:
1. performance standards;
2. special education institutions to produce professionals with the standards of academic quality that is responsible;
3. professional organizations;
4. ethics and professional code of ethics;
5. reward system;
6. community recognition.
Teaching Profession
Basically, the teaching profession is a profession that is growing. Although there is an opinion that the teacher is a position semiprofesional, but actually more than that. This is possible because the position can only be obtained at the teacher education institution that prepares graduates of teachers, the professional organizations, codes of ethics and there are rules about the functional position of teachers (SK Menpan No. 26/1989).
Professionalization effort is unnecessary negotiable because its unique teaching profession. Professional teachers must have the various competencies such as professional competence, personal and social.

The characteristics of the Teaching Profession
The characteristics are as follows professorship.
1. Position involving intellectual activity.
2. Position the torso wrestle a special science.
3. Professional positions that require a long preparation (compared with work that requires a mere general practice).
4. Positions that require training in a sustainable position.
5. Position a promising career and life of permanent membership.
6. Position that determines the standard (default) itself.
7. Position is more concerned about service above personal gain.
8. Positions that have a strong professional organization and are closely connected.

Background to the Teaching Profession
Professorship motivated by the need of teachers. This need increases with educational institutions that produce prospective teachers to produce professional teachers. At the present time LPTKs be the only institutions that produce teachers. Although the position of the teaching profession has not been fully told, but the condition has improved with increased incomes of teachers, recognition of the teaching profession, professional organizations are getting better, and educational institutions that produce teachers so there is a certified teacher through the Teach Act. Professional organization working to unite members of the profession and the motion steps to enhance the professionalism of its members. After PGRI who became the only professional organization of teachers in Indonesia, later developing a kind of teachers' organizations (MGMP).

Scope of the Teaching Profession
The scope of services of teachers in carrying out his profession, which consists of
(1) administrative services in education,
(2) instructional services, and
(3) support services, which all three strive to enhance students' optimal development.
The scope of the teaching profession can also be divided into two groups namely group knowledge and mastery of basic techniques and professional group of professional ability.
Personality Competence
Competence personality is a number of competencies related to personal skills with all the characteristics that support the implementation tasks teacher.
Some personality teacher competency are as follows.
1. Faithful and pious to God the Almighty.
2. Believe to yourself.
3. Tolerant and tolerant.
4. Being open and democratic.
5. Patience in keguruannya profession.
6. Develop themselves for the progress of his profession.
7. Understand the purpose of education.
8. Able to human relationships.
9. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of self.
10. Creative and innovative in its work.
Teacher Social Competence
Social competence is the ability of teachers to adapt to the demands of work and the environment at the time of bringing his duties as a teacher. The role of the teacher brought in a society different from other professions. Therefore, the public attention given to the teachers were different and there is specificity, especially the demand to become a pioneer of development in areas where teachers live.
Some social competence that need to be owned by teachers, among others the following.
1. Skilled at communicating with students and parents Learners.
2. Be sympathetic.
3. Can cooperate with the BP3.
4. Clever hang out with my friend co-worker and Education Partners.
5. Understand the surrounding world (Environmental).

Components of Professional Competence
Professional competence is a competence of teachers associated with the profession that demands a variety of expertise in the field of education or teacher training. Professional competence is a basic skills teacher in the learning and knowledge about human behavior, field of study dibinanya, the right attitude about PBM environment and have skills in teaching techniques.
Some components of professional competence of teachers is the following.
1. Mastery Learning Materials and Their concepts.
2. Management of teaching and learning programs.
3. Classroom management.
4. The management and use of media and learning resources.
5. Mastery of educational foundations.
6. Ability to assess achievement of teaching and learning.
7. Understanding the principles of management of institutions and educational programs in schools.
8. Mastering the methods of thinking.
9. Improving the ability and professional mission.
10. Provide assistance and guidance to students.
11. Having insight into educational research.
12. Able to conduct simple research for teaching purposes.
13. Able to understand the characteristics of learners.
14. Able to organize School Administration.
15. Having insight about educational innovation.
16. Take bold decisions.
17. Understanding the curriculum and its development.
18. Ability to work planned and programmed.
19. Able to use time appropriately.

The relationship between Mastery and Ability Teaching Materials
Mastery of basic foundation material becomes a teacher to have the ability to teach. Mastery of a teacher is done by reading the book-fur lessons. The ability of mastery of the material has a close connection with teachers' teaching abilities, the more in control of a teacher in the material / instructional materials in teaching it will be more successful if underpinned by its ability to use teaching methods.
Mastery of teaching materials to start with knowing the contents of the material and how to approach teaching materials.
Teachers who master the teaching materials will be more confident in teaching the material, always creative and innovative in delivery methods.

Situational Decision and Transactional
Situational decision regarding decisions about what and how the teaching will be realized based on the analysis of the situation (objectives, materials to be delivered, time and facilities available and the default behavior of students).
Situational decision taken when compiling the preparation of teachers written in the form of lesson units (satpel).
Transactional decisions are made by teachers adjustments relating to the implementation of situational decisions based on the feedback obtained from the interaction with student teachers as well as from interactions between students in the PBM is in progress.
Transactional decision was taken because of the changing circumstances that developed in performing PBM.
Role of Teachers in the Development of Learning Design
The learning process is a process of inquiry and reflective, which emphasizes the importance of teachers' experience and appreciation of the process. Learning design should be developed on the basis of instructional goals oriented to the development of students. The development is the goal of learning. The design of good learning design in short and long term components include: (a) Analysis of the curriculum,
(b) instructional objectives,
(c) the plan of activities,
(d) evaluation plan.

Role of Teachers in the Implementation of Learning and Classroom Management
1. Effective learning manifested in behavioral changes as both learners and the impact of the instructional impact accompaniment. The learning process takes place in a scene that need to be organized and managed into an environment or conditions conducive learning.
2. Pluralistic approach in classroom management combining various approaches, and look at classroom management as a set of activities to develop and maintain an effective learning environment.
3. Problems of teaching and classroom management are two things that can be distinguished but it is difficult to separate. Both are interrelated; classroom management is a prerequisite for the continuity of the learning process effective.
4. Learning environment is developed and maintained with due regard to diversity factors and the development of learners. Classroom management is developed through the stages: the formulation of ideal conditions, gap analysis, strategy selection, and assessment of the effectiveness of the strategy.
5. Structuring the classroom physical environment is an essential element in classroom management because it gives effect to the behavior of teachers and learners

Role of Teachers in the Evaluation of Learning
Evaluation is the process of obtaining information to form judgments in decision-making. Information required for the purpose of evaluation techniques enmeshed with inquiry, observation, analysis, tests. The selection technique used is based on the type of information should be disclosed so that the evaluation could be used in a variety of techniques at once. Processing the measurement results of the study intended to evaluate the process and learning outcomes

Understanding the Role of Teachers in the Elementary Student Learning Development
While learning is a process of personal development of students, the students' progress should be the basis for learning. Aspects of student development that includes physical and motor development, cognitive, personal, and social development has important implications for the learning process. The implication is related to content development and learning strategies, and cooperation of school with parents.
Definition and Purpose of Guidance and Counselling
1. Guidance can be defined as "the process of helping individuals to achieve optimal development."
2. Counselling is defined as "the process of helping individuals (clients) on an individual basis in situations of face-to-face relationship, in order to develop themselves or solve his problems."
3. Counseling is one type of guidance service, which is considered the core of the overall guidance service.
4. Guidance and counseling aims to help individuals or for learners to develop his personality in an optimal, either in relation to aspects of physical, intellectual, emotional, social and moral-spiritual.

Functions, Principles, and Principles of Guidance
1. As the process of providing assistance to individuals (students), guidance serves as an effort to (a) understanding,
(b) prevention,
(c) development, ಅಂಡ್
(d) repair.
2. Tutoring is held based on the principles ಆಫ್
(a) individuals or learners are in the process of developing,
(b) guidance targets are all learners,
(c) care for all aspects of development,
(d) the ability of learners are the basis for determining the choice,
( e) guidance is an integral part of education, and
(f) the assistance provided in an effort to develop the ability of learners to realize himself.
3. Organizing professional guidance should care about the principles, such as confidentiality, openness, expertise, dynamism, and tut wuri handayani.
Fields and Types of Tutoring Services
1. Implementation of the guidance, covering the areas of personal, social, academic, and career.
2. The types of guidance services, including orientation, information, learning, group counseling, placement and distribution, individual counseling, and group counseling
Relations with Educational Guidance
Be established with a good education, if supported by its components in the areas of leadership or administration, teaching, and students' personal service or guidance. Through counseling, education process to facilitate the development of those aspects or personal characteristics of students optimally.
Kepembimbingan Teacher Role in Learning in Schools
In accordance with the nature and characteristics of school child development, guidance and counseling in schools more effectively become an integral part of the job counselor. Guidance implemented in an integrated school in the learning process, except the things that require special handling.
In the process of learning at school teachers need to show a leadership role by creating a climate or atmosphere of learning that the charged / nuanced guidance. In the process of learning that teachers play a role not only deliver instructional materials, but also develop effective behaviors both with respect to learning behavior, personal, social or career.
Helping Troubled Students
Problems faced by students can be divided into a learning problem and the problem is not learning. However, these problems usually lead to learning difficulties. Student learning difficulties can be identified by testing the results of learning, basic skills tests, observation study habits.
The factors that cause learning difficulties can be classified into external and internal factors. There are several techniques to help students who have difficulty learning, नामली
(1) teaching improvement,
(2) enrichment,
(3) increased motivation to learn,
(4) improvement of learning skills,
(5) development of attitudes and habits of effective learning।

Guidance on the School Development Program
There are 4 core components in the program guidance, नामली
(1) common basic services,
(2) Service responsiveness,
(3) individual planning services, and
(4) Supporting system. Basic public services are services aimed at helping all students develop behaviors that must be mastered for the long term. Responsive service is a service to help students solve problems or develop behaviors that become necessary at this time and must be served. Individualized planning services are directed to help students plan for education, career and personal development.

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DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT THEORY

A. THEORY AND FLOW MANAGEMENT
Studying management theory into a petrified our natural effective manager manage an increasingly complex organization today. Erupakan management discipline that focuses on results that easily implemented. Theory dalah compiled a collection of principles systematically. While the concept is imbol used to describe a certain sense in theory. There are at least 4 (four) reasons for studying the theory of management, among others:
1) The theory of direct management decisions. Studying the theory helps understanding the fundamental processes and to choose an effective action. In essence, a theory is a group of assumptions that coherent / logical, explaining between two or more facts that can be observed. A valid theory, can predict what will happen in certain situations. With this knowledge, to apply different management theories to different situations.
2) The theory of shape our views about the organization. Studying management theory also gives us clues to where we get some idea about the organization and the human part of it.
3) The theory makes us aware of the business environment.
By studying the theory, we can see that every theory is the result of
environment - social, economic, political and technological forces that exist at the time
and the occurrence of certain events. This knowledge will help us
memehami why a particular theory suited to different circumstances.
4) The theory is a source of new ideas.
The theory allows us on one occasion taking a different view of everyday situations. Approach "electic", namely the practice of borrowing principles from different theories, as required by the state of "State of the Art" in theory and practice of management.

 FLOW MANAGEMENT

There are three streams in management science as follows:

1) Classical School (Streaming Classical) consists of 2 branches:
 Scientific Management (Management Science)
 Classical Organization theory (classical organizational theory)

2) School Behavior / Human Behavior (The flow of Human Relations)
3) Management Science School (Flow Management Science)
 flow of Organizational Behavior
 Flow Operations Research and Management Science


 APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT (MANAGEMENT OF CONTEMPORARY)

In addition to these three flow management, well developed also approaches include:
1) System approach (Approach System)
2) Contingency approach (Approach Kontengensi)
3) Neo human relations movement (Movement of the New Human Relations)

B. The Classical Management Theories
(CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT THEORY)

 predecessor MANAJEMENN CLASSICAL THEORY

Before the era of scientific management appears, has occurred in the British industrial revolution
in the 19th century (1800s). This led to the increasing needs of a systematic management approach. Some of the principles of scientific management that has the attention of management problems due to the emergence of the industrial revolution were:
1) James Watt and Mathew Robinson Boulton J

They are the sons of the pioneers who discovered and developed the steam engine. They took the management and Soko Engineering Foundry in
Britain, which their father founded in 1796. Watt was in charge of
organization and administration, and Boulton gave special attention to the seller's and the trade activity.

Managerial techniques developed by two men
include:
 market research and forecasting,
 production planning,
 machine scheme, which is planned in accordance with the demands of work processes, and production standards 
 Standardization of components production.
In the field of accounting and cost, they develop include:  The records detailed statistics and
Advancing  control system, which can cost into account and
profit for each machine that is made and for each department.
In the field of human resources, they develop include:
 Employee Training
 executive development programs,  Work Research,
 Welfare Programme etc.

2) Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Beginning in the 1800s, the early industrial revolution
Robert Owen, a Cotton Spinning Plant Manager at New Lanark, Scotland. Owen stressed the importance of human element in production.
At the time of Owen have hiring practices of children aged 5 or 6 years from the standard 13 hours per day. Touched with working conditions is extremely sad, Owen filed an improvement in the form:
⌦ build employee housing and road building in the environment where employees live
⌦ Trying to improve the environment so that the environment and the plant becomes menariki
⌦ Cooperative consumption for employees, (Founding stores to sell the necessaries of life of employees, selling goods at a price
⌦ Provide food for employees
⌦ restricted minors worker (refuse to perkerjakan children under 10 years)
⌦ Reducing hours of work which was originally 13 hours to 10.5 hours per day
Because of his services, he is referred to as the "Father of Modern Management Personnel"
If other managers more attention to technical improvement, then Owen more attention to workers, because according to Owen, that's an important investment for managers. In addition to the improvement of working conditions, he filed Owen procedures that increase productivity, such as assessment procedures bersaing.juga work openly and publicly.

3) Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
Babbage was a professor of Mathematics and inventor of the calculator and the first computer from Britain, interested in business valuation of a plant operating efficiency, namely by applying scientific principles will be realized increased productivity and lower costs. Babbage first proposed the division of labor based on specialization of workers in accordance mastery
specific skills, work routines made so much easier to be controlled and mechanized by means of a calculator.
In 1822 Charles Babbage find a mechanical calculator, called the Difference Machine (Machine enhancer and a deduction). Underlying principles used in calculating machines almost a century later, the calculator that we know today. Babbage's analytical engine developed a (Analysis Machine) in 1833, namely an automatic computer and have all the basic elements of modern computers, so he was often called the "Father of Computers". From the point of management, known as Babbage
his book "On Economy of Machinery and Manufactures" (1832), he was interested and impressed by:

 The principle of division of labor efficiency and the development of scientific principles, to determine a manager must use the facilities, materials and labor
in order to get my best results.
 The principle of efficiency of the division of tasks, not only for manual work only,
but also to mental activities.
 Very recognize the human, there should be cooperation suggestions
in terms of common interests between workers and factory owners.
 Encourage the sharing of the benefits such a system, so that the
factory workers share in profits, if they participate enyumbang
in increased productivity.
Recommend  workers receive a fixed payment depending on the nature
their work, added to the benefits and added
bonus for any advice they provide to enhance productivity.
His biggest contribution is in the field of cost, technical expertise, and incentives,
based on the belief in specialization and allocation of rewards based on productivity.

 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (MANAJEMENN SCIENTIFIC)

1) Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
In 1903 preparing a book entitled "Shop Management", in 1911 preparing a book entitled "The Principles of Scientific Management" and in 1912 to compile a book entitled "Testimory Before the Special House Committee" These three books are combined in a book with the title "Scientific Management" in 1947.
His book is arranged in Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Company. Co. in Pensilvania, Amarika States. In company he is as a mechanical engineer. His great work that made him known as the father of Scientific Management.
Taylor, who is famous for its scientific management include increased productivity due to the high cost of skilled labor in the United States in the early 20th century. Gerakanya famous for its working efficiency movement. To answer various questions such as whether there is one best way of working "the one best way of doing the job" he asked a group of principles that became ininya scientific management. Taylor is famous for its plan to stimulate the lawyer hired a "differential rate system", which generate the falling cost and increasing productivity, quality, employee earnings and employee morale.
Taylor's philosophy behind the concept lies above 4 principles known as
"Four basic principles of Taylor's" namely:
 Development of Scientific Management is right can be used to determine the best method for performing each task.
 Selection of employees with a scientific way, employees are given responsibility for tasks that match their skills.
 Education and development of employees with a scientific way.
 relationship of close cooperation between management and employees.
To apply these four principles, Taylor requires the need for a mental revolution among managers and employees.
The basic principles that he thinks the underlying scientific management approach
are:
⌦ Replacing a perfunctory manner with science (the systematic knowledge).
⌦ Ensuring harmony in the movement of groups and instead
divisions.
⌦ Achieving human cooperation and is not a chaotic individualism.
⌦ Work for maximum output and not the output is limited.
⌦ develop all employees to the extent that the highest, for
maximum welfare of their own and their company.
Taylor's followers who stand out are: Carl George Borth, Henry L. Gantt, Frank & Lillian Gilbreth and Edward A. Filane.

2) Henry L. Gantt (1861-1919)

Gantt reconsider the system
Taylor stimulants, by introducing a bonus system daily and an extra bonus to the foreman. Every worker who can solving tasks assigned to him in a day are entitled to receive bonuses.
He also introduced the system of "Charting" famous for "Gantt Chart" which contains the schedule of production employees in order to avoid waste.
Each employee progress recorded on individual cards, to assess their work. Gantt elicits stressed the importance of reciprocal interest between management and employees, that is harmonious. He underlines the importance of teaching, developing understanding of the system on the part of employees and management, as well as the need for recognition that "in all management issues most important human element."
Gantt's most famous for developing graphical methods in
describe the plans and allow for control
managerial better. He also stressed the importance of time and cost
in planning and controlling work. These generate the
creation of "Gantt Chart" is famous for. The scheme was a pioneer teknikl-modern techniques such as PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
3) The Gilbreths (Frank B. Gilbreth: 1868-1924 and Lillian Gilbreth: 1878-1972).
The husband and wife are working to learn aspects of fatigue and motion (fatique and motion studies). Besides, Lilian is also interested in the effort to help workers, according to Lilian, the ultimate goal of scientific management is the effort to help employees view the full capabilities as human beings.
Gilbreth Concept: Movement and fatigue related. Any steps that can generate the motion to reduce fatigue, this could increase employee morale. This couple is also famous for the concept of the "Three position plan of promotion" (Plan of the three position for a promotion),
According to this concept every employee has three roles namely as actors, students and coaches are constantly looking for new opportunities. At the same employees doing the job today, he was also preparing himself for higher office and train a replacement (be a DOER, a learner and
teacher). Lillian Gilbreth attention focused on the human aspects of work and attention to her husband on the efficiency of efforts to find a way to only carry the best in his particular task. In applying the principles of scientific management, employees should view and understand their personalities and needs. Discontent among workers due to lack of attention from management to workers.
Many benefits and services provided by Scientific Management, but one thing is forgotten by this management, the social needs of people in a group, because too prioritizing profits and economic and physical needs of companies and employees. This flow forgetting employee job satisfaction as an ordinary human.

Donations  Scientific Management Theory
1) The methods developed can be applied to a variety of activities
organization.
2) The techniques of efficiency (time and motion studies) has not menyadar managers
that the physical motion and the tools used in performing his duty to be efficient.
3) Emphasis on employee selection and development of a scientific way
shows the importance of ability and training factor in improving
effectiveness of an employee.
4) Scientific Management that emphasizes the importance of encouraging working draft
managers find the best way for execution of tasks.
5) Scientific Management not only develop the rational approach in
solve organizational problems, but more than that of scientific management
shows the way towards the professionalization of management.

 Limitations of Scientific Management Theory
1) Increasing production is not accompanied by an increase in revenue.
2) high wages and good working conditions not only caused by
increase corporate profits.
3) Relationship management and employees remain distant.
4) Looking at the human as something rational, that can only be motivated
with the satisfaction of economic needs and physical. This flow does not look
social needs of employees. In other words, it ignores the flow of frustration and tension that will be experienced by employees when they can not meet
their social needs.
5) Ignoring the human need to get satisfaction from their work.

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HUMAN BEHAVIOR (FLOW human relationships).

The flow behavior arises because the classical approach, production efficiency and
working harmony can not be achieved. The managers still face difficulties and are frustrated because employees do not always follow the patterns of rational behavior. Therefore sought an effort to help managers cope with organizational problems through the behavior of employees. The flow behavior is essentially the organization looked kind of person. It looked at the classic stream flow is less complete because it does not make perfect production efficiency and harmony of the workplace. Man in the organization are not always easily predictable behavior lakukanya, because it is often not rational. Therefore, managers need to be assisted in his human face, among others with sociology and psychology. Pioneer flow behavior there are 2 (two) persons namely Hugo Munsterberg and Elton Mayo.

1) Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916)
Munsterberg who gave birth to Industrial Psychology, often called the "Father of Industrial Psychology.
Important contribution is in the form of utilization of psychology to realize to realize the objectives as well as pro-productivity
other management theories. Application of psychological factors in the intensification of production.
Through his book with the title "Psychology and Industrial Efficien-sy", Munsterberg suggest 3 (three) ways to enhance productivity, namely:
(1) Getting people / employees of the best (best possible person), the most appropriate / suitable with the work to be done.
(2) Creating the best working conditions (best possible work), who meet the psychological requirements to maximize his productivity.
(3) Using psychological influence in order to obtain the most appropriate impact on employee memotiovasi (best possible effect).


2) Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
He is famous for its experiments on human behavior in work situations. This experiment concluded that special attention can cause a person to improve his business. This phenomenon is called Hawrthorne effect that employees will work harder if they believe that management
not think their welfare. The experimental results with Roethlisberger and Dickson Mayo is my stimulus money does not cause improvement in productivity. That actually increase productivity mempu it is an attitude that employees who feel managers and atasanya give adequate attention to their welfare.

It also found the influence of social environment in the group life
more informal greater its effect on productivity. Therefore, Mayo convinced against his conception of the famous with the "social man" who was motivated by social needs in relationships are more effective than supervision and control of ma-najemen within the meaning of the concept of "social man" (human or social / human being can be motivated by fulfillment of social needs through a working relationship), to replace the concept of "rational man" (human
rational / human being can only be motivated by economic needs.) The concept of rational man is driven solely by the need for personal economic well-known by the nickname "rational economic man".
Famous term that was expressed by Robert Owen is "vital machines" discover new forms and opportunities with the emergence of the concept of "social man" from Mayo. In education and training for managers was the growing importance of "people management skills" rather than "engineering or technical skills." The concept of group dynamics is increasingly important in the management of the management practices on the basis of the ability of individual workers.

The weakness of the Mayo findings shown by the people who think employee satisfaction is complex, because in addition determined by the social environment, also by other factors such as level of salary, attractive or not work, structure and organizational culture, employee relationship management, etc. . Facing the limitations of these human relations movement, appeared other thinkers who also belong to flow behavior is more advanced.

Donations  Flow Inhuman Relations (Human Behavior).
The flow of human relationships to realize the importance of social needs. With
Thus this flow to balance the old concept that stresses economic / human rationality. Working atmosphere to be better than ever before. Training which many are focusing on efforts to improve working relationships between managers with employees. This stream is pioneering new study in the field of group dynamics, where attention is shown not only on individuals, but also on process and group dynamics.

 Limitations of Flow Behavior / Human Behavior / Behavior School
Nevertheless there are some limitations to this theory. Design, methods and analysis
research conducted by Mayo is still a kontaversi. The concept of social man who developed it was not fully explain human behavior. Business improvements in working conditions was not able to increase performance. For example, the plantation sector in improving working conditions, not increasing work performance, even tended to decrease performance because workers tend to be more relaxed in the workplace. There is no pressure to work hard as before. Surely there are other factors, in addition to social factors, which encourage employee performance. Economic factors (salary), employee skills, culture and organizational structure, and many other factors affect employee performance. The flow of human relationships have not been able to accurately predict human behavior. One thing that can be understood as the social factor is the result of human emotions are more difficult to measure. Another example, job satisfaction is often described as the driving performance. But that relationship seems to doubt even more strongly the opposite logic: job performance will lead to job satisfaction.
D. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE SCHOOL (FLOW MANAGEMENT SCIENCE).
The period of modern management developed through two different paths. The first path is the development of flow behavior (organizational behavior) and others built on the basis of scientific management (quantitative flow) or operation reserch and management science.

 FLOW ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR

Human approach pioneered the growth of a new approach which is more commonly known as the approach / flow behavior.
By using the social sciences such as Sociology, Psychology, and Anthropology and with more robust research methods, researchers are better known as "behavioral scientists" from the "human relations theorists." Among them is the famous Argyris, Maslow and Mc. Gregor is more preferred to "self-actualizing man" than just "social man" in giving encouragement to the employees. Theory Mayo then increased again by the flow of more advanced again, the man is not only driven by a variety of needs that are often quite strange, known as the concept of "complex-man". Because no two people are exactly the same, then an effective manager will try to learn the needs of each individual to affect the individual.
In addition to some of the names above, the characters flow adalahs organizational behavior is as follows:

 Abraham Maslow
Maslow (1908-1970) a humanistic psychologist, from USA
introduce self-actualization theory to assert
that the main goal of psychotherapy is to build one's integrity. She studied psychology at the University of Wisconsin and deepen Gestait Psychology in School for Social Research, New York in 1951, headed the Department of Psychology Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.
Suggests the existence of hierarchy of needs in his explanation of human behavior and dynamics of the process of motivation.
Levels of human needs by Maslow as follows:
(1) The need Fisologis, almost all basic human needs will need
pemelioharaan biological, eating, drinking and physical wellbeing.
(2) Security requirements, the need for protection and certainty in
everyday life.
(3) Social Needs, the need for love, a sense of belonging in the relationship
with others.
(4) Needs Self-Esteem in full, the need for self-esteem in the eyes of others,
honor, prestige, self-esteem, self-ability and is considered an expert.
(5) Needs Self-actualization, the highest level of need, the need for
"Self fulfilment" developing and using its capabilities.

 DOUGLAS MC. Gregor
Known as theory X and theory Y it.
Theory X assumes that employees Theory Y assumes that employees
Do not like to work
Not making ambitions
Not responsible
Reluctant to change
Prefer to lead from the lead

Like work
Able to control myself
Likes responsibility
Full of imagination and creation
Able to direct himself

 Fredrick HEZBERG
Disentangling motivation hygiene theory or the theory of two factors.

 Robert Blake & Jane Mouton
Discuss five leadership style with the managerial grid (managerial grid).

 Rensis LINKERT
Identify and conduct intensive research on four systems: 1. exploatif-authoritative up to, 4. participatory group.

FRED  Fiedler
Recommend contingency approach to leadership studies

 CHRIS Argyris
Looking at organizations as social systems or systems inter-cultural relations.

 EDGAR SCHIEN
Many examine group dynamics within the organization and its other.

Basic Principles of Organizational Behavior:
(1) Management can not be viewed as strictly a technical process (roles, procedures and principles).
(2) Management should be systematic and approaches used should be with
careful consideration.
(3) organization as a whole and the individual manager approach to supervision should be appropriate to the situation.
(4) motivational approach that produces worker commitment to organizational goals is needed.
Some more specific ideas from a variety of behavioral research:
(1) human element is a key factor determining success or failure of achievement of organizational goals.
(2) Managers of today must be given training in understanding the principles and concepts of management.
(3) The organization must provide a climate that brings the opportunity for employees to satisfy all of their needs.
(4) The commitment can be developed through participation and involvement of its employees.
(5) The work of each employee must be prepared to enable them achieve self-satisfaction from the job.
(6) The patterns of supervision and management oversight should be built on a thorough understanding of the positive employees and their reaction to the job.

Donations  Flow Organizational Behavior
Donations behavioral scientists is seen in an increased understanding of individual motivation, group behavior, the relationship between work and personal in the importance of work for humans. All this has made managers more sensitive and skilled in handling and dealing with subordinates. Even then arise of more advanced concepts such as leadership again, completion perselisih's, how to get and use power, organizational change and communication concepts.

Flow Limitation  Organisational Behaviour
However, many experts believe the potential for this theory has not developed further. It is also much criticism of this genre, as well as too general, too abstract and complicated / complex.
The theory is also quite complex for the managers. Their recommendations often differ from one expert to another expert, so that managers have difficulty determining the opinion of the best.

QUANTITATIVE FLOW  (OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND SCIENCE MANAJEMENN).
Quantitative flow for management has developed since World War II. In
that time the British wanted to solve some very complex issues in
war. England then formed Operations Research Team (Operation Reserch), headed by PMS Blackett. This team consists of mathematicians, physicists, and other scientists. England
managed to find the important breakthroughs of the team. United States and then replicate, forming a research team that established operations such as Britain. Computers are used to calculate the mathematical model developed-modek. When the war finished, the models of operations research is then applied to the industry. Industry also experienced a rapid development with the problems of an increasingly complex. These issues can no longer be solved by conventional methods. Operations research models required in this regard. Some operations research models: CPM (Critical Path Method) are used for project planning, queuing theory to solve the queuing problem. Operations management is another variation of the quantitative approach. This approach is simpler and can be applied directly to the management situation. Some examples of operations management models are: inventory control, such as the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), simulation, analysis of break-even, lenier programming (linear programming). Operations management is often regarded as an application of operations research.

Donations  Quantitative Flow (Operations Research / Management Science)

The quantitative approach provides an important contribution, especially in
planning and control. The models developed are suitable for these functions. For example, the CPM model is useful for project planning and want to Dalian. This approach also helps to understand the complex management issues. Using mathematical models, complex problems can not be simplified mathematical model. Despite the seemingly mathematical model with the formulas that are difficult to understand very complex, but the model is intended to simplify a very complex real world. With mathematical models, are important factors can be seen and given extra attention.
 Limitations of Quantitative Flow (Operations Research / Management Science)
Unfortunately, many quantitative models using models or symbols that are difficult
understood by most people, including managers. The quantitative approach is also not seeing the issue of human behavior and psychology in organizations. Despite this potential has not been fully developed quantitative models. If can be further developed quantitative approach would provide a more meaningful contribution.
E. APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT (MANAGEMENT OF CONTEMPORARY)
Some flow management has been discussed upfront, in-which-approach
approach in each of flow was said to have experienced growth.
The existence of several developments that tend to integrate per-approach
previous approaches, making the limits of approaches that have been discussed
the point is clear. However there is an approach that remains rooted in
approaches was of course. The following section will discuss new approaches in management.

1. SYSTEM Approach (APPROACH SYSTEM)
The system can be interpreted as a joint sub-sub-systems related.
Organization as a system as a whole will be in view, consists of parts that were crocheted (sub-systems), and the system / organization will interact with the environment. Such comprehensive views will be more beneficial than isolated views.

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