In the middle of the readiness of the Indonesian nation to welcome the arrival of the third millennium, the conception of the development of cooperatives Indonesia occupies an increasingly interesting position. Its appeal, not only on the dual nature inherent in the institution, but also on the existence of values and principles that menjiwainya in the arena of global competition is increasingly sharp.
Cooperative community vision of the world in the face of the millennium
Third, as the result of 100 years of the International Congress
Cooperative Allaince (ICA) in Manchester 1995, is that
economy will require more elements to believe in yourself, democratic and participatory for everyone to be better able to master the economic and social life. Thus, the economy will become increasingly important to the lives of many people in the future.
Dual nature of the cooperative, according to Law No. 25 of 1992
on Cooperation, among others, characterized by its shape as
business entities as well as service users. By nature
double that cooperative goals not only for welfare
life members, but also to encourage the growth of
participation in achieving economic democracy. Therefore
cooperative life not only on the economic dimension but
are also in political and social dimension of cultural ideology.
In addition, in conducting its activities, also based on cooperative values and principles that mencirikannya as an economic institution which is loaded with the value of business ethics. Cooperative values defined in the ICA Congress, among other self-help, solidarity, honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring to others.
With ethical values like that, many people who doubted the durability of the cooperative. Therefore, such ethical values are considered as an expense, thus potentially undermining the competitiveness of cooperatives. Meanwhile, other business entities, assumed only a single orientation that is making a profit as much as possible, so it can work more flexible and dynamic and have a stronger competitive edge.
In an era of global trade in the 21st century later, whether
cooperatives are still able to maintain its double and ethical values that become the identity of his true identity? Or how should manage the cooperatives so that they can compete without losing the identity of his true identity?
The trend is going towards the 21st century
is the increased competition among businesses.
This trend is driven by a growing economic power market due to the reduced form of protection. Advances in technology of transportation, communication and information has also expedite the flow of goods and services, so that the more open market economy and competition becomes more intense.
With the tight competition encourages
growing motivation to develop creativity and innovation
business. In addition, competition is also important to boost the level of efficiency and productivity of business people so that they can generate the necessary added value to efforts to improve the welfare of the community.
However, competition will only be effective if
competing economic actors have equal power
balanced. If the power imbalance, will occur
market dominance either in the form of monopoly or oligopsonistic in
sector buyers.
Market dominance is due to quality excellence
competitiveness that comes from creativity and innovation of business will
have a positive impact both for business development
concerned, for consumers and the communities themselves
a lot. This is only possible if the benefits of quality
competitiveness is not overly protected with
forces beyond the laws of a growing economy. That is
provide opportunities for others to cultivate creativity
and innovation-related business, thus increasing
competitive advantage.
According Munker (1995), for several decades
This cooperative development in several countries is dominated by
strong desire to adjust the cooperative enterprise in
models of successful companies worldwide. Desire and
confidence that was almost perfect on economic growth
have encouraged the continued erosion of consciousness cooperatives
consistently among the leaders, managers, employees and members
cooperatives.
Nevertheless there are still many members of the cooperative society of the world that even more optimistic with the current developments. Strength was also stout market economy raises new problems such as long-term unemployment, social inequality, environmental damage and unable to ensure the health and social security.
While the power of bureaucracy (political) is also not possible
helpless without the economic power that is able to produce
growth and added value that can be used for
overcome these problems. These problems
can not be addressed only by economic or political power
only. Both can not be separated despite the very different
interests.
To integrate economic and political interests in
facing real problems that are faced with such
problem of unemployment, social inequality, environmental damage
health and social security, required a very cost
expensive. The division of tasks and responsibilities in dealing with
these problems with the specialization and efficiency reasons,
turns out it was a cause selfishness interests and very
expensive to coordinate. More charges
perceived by many countries emerging
because the collective consciousness of the problems that achieved with the still undeveloped.
With the dual nature of which is owned and ethical values
characterizes identity as a cooperative institution
generated from 100 Years of ICA Congress had, in fact as cooperative
new alternatives to overcome the major problems
facing the world community. With its dual nature as an entity
business as well as the economic movement of people, cooperative
potential to minimize the costs for
coordinate economic and political interests.
With the development of information and communication technology,
the world becomes more intelligent. Although the properties
negative in the practice of developing economies, but more and more
Also the ways to overcome them. More and many others
realize the benefits of ethical values in business practices
economy.
Trends indicate a growing trust and honesty are more and more recognized as a source efisiesi which is very beneficial in generating added value. Help themselves increasingly recognized as an important means of reducing disruption to obtain assurance of peace and social security. Kecenderunagn This is a great opportunity for cooperatives to grow and develop as an alternative economic future.
With ethical values, the cooperative will be easier
communities that have evolved in the collective consciousness
on the importance of ethical values necessary for
solve real problems faced together. Awareness
collective that grows in a rational society, who realize
the danger due bsinis unethical practices,
due to unemployment and social inequality. Therefore,
easy to understand why the cooperative is also growing rapidly in
developed countries both in the economic, political and
social and cultural civilization.
These developments prove that the co-operative in Indonesia are able to grow and thrive in an increasingly tight competitive situation. Even grown into an increasingly modern institution of the dynamics of economic growth in developing markets in all corners of the country.
Basically, the cooperatives is to increase the synergy strength in achieving the common goal of generating added value needed to improve the common welfare. If the cooperatives did not produce synergy force that can generate added value for the common good, it means there are still problems in the management of cooperatives.
With identity-owned, then the demands and style
cooperative development is clearly different from development agencies
other business. One element that distinguishes the nature of
double both in terms of its institutional organization and in terms of
membership. As a business entity, cooperative business activities should be managed as a company that is oriented to generate added value that can be used to improve welfare of its members.
While the economic movement of people, activities
oriented cooperatives to foster community participation
in an effort to strengthen the national economy structure
economic democracy based on the principle of kinship.
With such demands, it is clear that the cooperative management
Indonesia is no more easily than any other business enterprise management.
Even so to develop a cooperative enterprise should not limit itself merely to the economic potential existing for the sake of improving the welfare of members and the surrounding community.
To realize cooperative members as a source of strength, then the cooperative enterprise must be managed in a more efficient, more productive and more competitive, so as to become more superior. Only in this way, the cooperative will be able to get the support and confidence greater than its members.
Ways to bind such customer to provide better service, eliminating hours of work to be able to provide the service whenever required, to give full attention to customer satisfaction, and develop creativity and innovation in creating superior products for customers, will be able to provide security assurance market (captive market) is strong for the cooperative.
In addition such a way that will also motivate customers to participate in cooperative activities and will make itself part of the cooperative itself. Cooperatives without having a strong market collateral from its customers, tantamount to the cooperative without the members, because the customer that is the actual members of the cooperative. Cooperatives without the support of members should be immediately disbanded, because it is not feasible as a cooperative.
In order to remain resilient to face globalization, cooperation must
managed in accordance with the ethical values of business owned. Activity
cooperatives should be managed based on its principles, namely:
1. Membership of a voluntary and open
2. Democratic supervision by members
3. Members' participation in economic activities
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, training and extension
6. Cooperation between cooperatives; and
7. Concern for community
The cooperative principles are the result of 100 years Congress
ICA in Manchester in 1995 a slightly different principle
cooperatives that have been set out in article 5 of Law 25/92. In Law
25/92 explicitly still insist on the principle of division
remaining results of operations of each member in a fair and comparable
with the large business service of each member and principle
provision of fringe benefits is limited to the capital. While it
ICA Congress the results of 100 years is more emphasis on
importance of the principle of member participation in economic activities as well as the principle concern for the community.
Even so the rate of development principles
these principles have been developed by both cooperative Indonesia
and cooperatives in various other countries. Special to the principle
provision of fringe benefits can be limited to capital
applied to savings and mandatory savings. Whereas
to other savings or investment capital to cooperatives
provide a higher remuneration than that provided
keyangan other institutions, according to the level of business productivity
he developed.
In accordance with the dual nature of its membership as
and owner and user / user services cooperative, then
the success of cooperative membership management is part
key to the success of cooperative management as a whole.
As owners, members of cooperatives to determine the direction
policy organizations, including the management, the type of business
and sources of capital that will be developed. As
service users, members determine the progress and quality
competitiveness of cooperatives. Thus, the existence
in fact depends entirely on the cooperative participation
members. So there is no cooperation without the participation of members.
To avoid pseudo-participation of potentially
interfere with the cooperative, the cooperative membership
is voluntary and open. By the nature of membership
Thus, the necessary management of the cooperative membership
able to foster participation and commitment to togetherness of
members, so that potential resource to
maximally utilized for development purposes
cooperative effort.
Membership is voluntary and the loyalty and active participation of members can only be developed if the members feel confident with the leaders they choose, with a system of cooperative management, as well as to obtain benefits and are satisfied with the results of operations are conducted jointly.
Membership is open allowing the people who are interested in becoming members and people who are not interested to resign. This cooperative mechanism is important to be able to maintain a minimum level of common interests in a cooperative group.
It thus became clear that the cooperative was formed with
human capital whose value is systematically increased through
investment in education and training, through expansion and
improvement of information and communication channels, as well as system
management that allows as many members can
play a role in the development of cooperative business.
For systems that need to be developed intensively and disinsintif
for members with the size of a clear and easily understood.
Incentives to capital investments from members, the incentives in
provide different services with non-members, or
other forms of incentive that allows members to feel
benefits and get more value from cooperative
compared with that provided by other business entities.
Commitment togetherness members to participate in
cooperative activities are generally more loose and more
reduced its effectiveness if the number of its members too much.
Therefore, to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of service
or in the guidance member, the Members of cooperatives
can be grouped according to base-base or base services and
supporting them.
The large number of group members is determined by the effectiveness of the interaction between members, the efficiency of business services and coaching members. The existence of this group in addition to improving efficiency of service and coaching members also needed to spur creativity and business innovation in developing superior products that can be used as a source of competitive strength for the cooperatives.
To be able to manage the cooperative members who have a dual nature, the cooperative must have a strong management system in both organizational management and in management of its business. Board elected from and by members of cooperatives in the Meeting of Members (Article 29 paragraph (1) of Law 25/92). Management is responsible for cooperative management of all activities and efforts to Member Meeting or Extraordinary Meeting (Article 30 of Law 25/92).
With the confirmation of the accuracy of such members
elect to determine the success of cooperatives. Appropriate
with such great responsibility, then with
duties and powers that are owned, board potentially
determine the course of cooperative activities. Therefore,
usually chosen is a member of management's most
influential and have more capabilities than the members
other.
Be aware, not merely manage cooperative
generate profits, but more important is
its ability to utilize economic resources
others to achieve common goals that are double, both
as a business entity as well as the economic movement of people.
The amount of business scale and the number of members are very cooperative
determine the cooperative management system that would
developed.
When the scale and number of members of cooperatives are still very limited so for the sake of efficiency, functionality administrators can simultaneously manage the business activities of cooperatives. In such circumstances, it is necessary to supervise the implementation of policy and management of cooperatives.
Whenever the cooperative has grown with the number of members who are more and more, the board may appoint an administrator who is given the authority and power to manage the cooperative effort. Thus the board can concentrate on coaching the members, whereas the normal course of business entrusted to a designated manager.
In this case the board has handed over some of the duties and authority to the administrations, the monitoring function can be taken over by the board. Thus the cooperative does not need to establish an agency permanently. The main task of managers is to perform the function of improving the welfare of its members.
While the task manager can be more concentrated to
will guide members in order to have that togetherness
more powerful in exploiting the potential resources
to develop cooperative business activities. In addition to the
important to efficiently utilize the members in performing functions
control over the quality of management services to members
and other customers.
In order to provide optimum services for its members, then the manager must be able to develop various kinds of creativity and business innovation for economic resources and surrounding community members can be optimized to improve the common welfare.
Creativity and innovation must be developed to
improve the quality of service and strengthen the competitiveness of enterprises
developed cooperative. With the synergy of the power that
members either as owners or users of cooperative services,
cooperatives should have a competitive advantage compared to
other business entities.
Looking ahead, the working relationship between the board with the manager should clearly limits the rights, obligations and authority. So is the system of incentives and disincentives that need to be set forth in the engagement or rewards obtained in accordance with the resulting productivity. Commitments working relationship must be made in writing to provide certainty and legal security for both parties.
Every effort is developed must be economically feasible and clear accounting records (auditable). Measures of business success as many have applied to other business entities such as profitability, earnings, earnings power or any other measure proportionately also be used as part of the assessment of the success of cooperative efforts.
To develop a viable business units, cooperatives can
develop capital investments for both members and
for non-members. Equity capital management system that
developed does not deviate from ethical values and
cooperative principles. For this investment capital to cooperatives
determine the interest rate or dividend that is higher than the market
or adjusted to the results of operations are developed. By
therefore, each business unit can be managed as units
autonomous, and cooperative becomes a kind of "holding company."
From the brief description above it can be concluded that in
era of global competition is increasingly keen, cooperative precisely
have the opportunity and greater opportunities to
continues to grow and develop. The duplicitous character and ethical values
underlying principles of cooperation as the characteristic cooperative identity
it will make the cooperative as an alternative institution
economic future that is needed to overcome various
economic problems that are faced with some real
great people of the world.
The growth of collective awareness to the problems of unemployment, social inequality, environmental damage and health and social security will become a fertile land for growth and development of cooperatives. Both as a business entity as well as the economic movement of the people.
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