TEACHER AS A BASIS FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION

KUD role in saving foreign exchange receipts and can be seen from exports and savings through import substitution crops. Agricultural commodities are exported so far including coffee, crude palm oil (CPO), rubber, camphor, wood, rattan and results of fishery and horticulture products. In addition bebrapa agricultural products that had been imported by Indonesia, has now also successfully produced in the country such as milk, rice, soybeans, and some types of fruit.
KUD involvement both in exports and in
substitute imported products such as the provision of production inputs,
production, processing and marketing has also been felt. In
export support activities KUD prominent role to
seen in the processing of coffee, rubber and fisheries. Whereas
in support of import, the most prominent events in KUD
the dairy cooperatives.
KUD role in encouraging savings for investment to
seen from the record of average economic growth of 7% per year.
To achieve this condition is very necessary investment funds
large. The amount required and not just rely
foreign loans, but more important is
explore funding sources from within the country. That means donations
agricultural sector in the development of investment can take place
through property tax, public savings and
changes in terms of trade. What can be done by KUD
is moving the public savings through savings activities
and loans that can be done through the unit and the savings and loan
Cooperative Savings and Loans (KSP). Through this loan service
in accordance with the 1996 data has been collected approximately
Rp. KUD 138 billion by 4479.
While the role of cooperatives in increased revenue
society can be seen from the various production facilities with
low price. On the other hand KUD market production
farmers with relatively higher prices. Thus through
KUD role of farmers' income is expected to continue
increasing.
Although the quantitative and qualitative role of the KUD
large enough to support agricultural development, but there
constraints faced. Especially in times of
future, in addition to the era of globalization, development
agriculture will also be more limited. As we know,
growth in the agricultural sector is not more than 3.5 percent per
year, while the industrial sector has grown at over 11 per cent
per year. It required the presence of KUD that contribute more
dynamic than in the past to support development
agriculture so as not to stagnate. Relative to
, the development of cooperatives need to continue established,
enhanced, deepened and expanded in the period
further development.
KUD need to be strengthened to become efficient institutions and
modern managed-professionals to be able to face
challenges and exploit opportunities in the era of globalization
characterized by increasing competition. We believe, just
efisienlah institutions that will be able to survive
face competition. For why should we seek to KUD
able to exploit comparative advantage in rural areas become
competitive advantage. KUD should be able to identify and
become commodities in the countryside as the "core of business"
in the future.
In the future, KUD must improve competitiveness with
create new sources of competitive advantage. If
usual in the business world to develop the concept of non-competitiveness
prices, cooperatives must also develop the same concepts
through differentiation of services, target markets more
focused and comprehensive measures of cost efficiency on each line
activities.
We dream to become an institution for KUD
entrepreneurship development for members and specifically
be: (a) the service center for rural masyaralat; (b) place
save and borrow money, (c) food safety agency
and finally (d) contribute to the alleviation
poverty.
Many challenges still faced by the current KUD
generally include: (1) difficulties in accessing or
expand the market, (2) constraints in the capital structure and
in accessing sources of capital, (3) constraints in
mastery and use of technology; (4) difficulties in the field
organization and management, and (5) constraints in the expansion
business networking and business cooperation. If pressed again then
various constraints are derived from low quality source
human resources (HR). That's why the development strategy KUD
designed to overcome the weaknesses of the quality of human resources and the various dimensions that follow, concerning the following matters:
1. Corrections and familiarization entrepreneurship
2. Village Development of Intelligent Technology
3. Development of a national business partnership, and
4. KUD Development Mandiri Inti.
Of the four strategies, namely the three strategies
memasyaratkan and civilize kewiraushaan, smart village
technology, and partnerships, has been proclaimed by the president as
national movement. Then be followed by implementation
in the field simultaneously and integrated. Specifically
entrepreneurship directed toward growing willingness
includes the spirit, work ethic and high discipline, and attitude
entrepreneurial behavior as superior. While rural development
intelligent technology, aimed at improving human resource capability
in the mastery of skills in the field of business (business skills) for
become a professional in his field. Through a growing willingness
and increased capacity is expected to improve
quality human resources cooperation.
Simultaneously, institutional issues also need
serious attention. In this case, small businesses
owned and managed by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen,
traders and others need to be collected in institutional
cooperatives so that by exploiting these synergies will
accumulate and become larger through partnership programs.
The conceptual, cooperation must be grown from
bottom, from the community itself (bottom-up approach),
based on the need to realize common interests. In this case, the government has sought the development of cooperatives to keep it out of goals to be achieved. But in its development, in fact most institutions must be driven from the top of the KUD, starting with the initiative of the government (top down approach).
Of the two approaches, there arose the conception that
ideal, namely the desire that grows from the bottom which is supported by
guidance from above. The second meeting of this approach will
stabilize the structure and activities of the organization in achieving KUD
desired goals. This approach will strengthen the structure
and activities of the organization in achieving its goals KUD
desired. This approach is taken by the government considering
KUD vital function in the development of economy
countryside. This approach is also dilakuakn by countries
others in development, both agricultural and
Another development that has to do with the development
community. Therefore, the government has an interest
and is obliged to assist, encourage, guide and
directing cooperatives through various forms of strategies and intervention
other hand.
In addition to the three strategies mentioned
previously, the development of cooperatives is also done through
KUD development Mandiri Inti. KUD Inti Mandiri is expected
can be a motivator or hyper development of other cooperatives in
surroundings.
With this approach are expected to give KUD
contribution to the implementation of economic development programs
countryside through activities that are not only concentrated in
agricultural sector, but also in other sectors such as
industry, trade, transport, electricity and others.
Through KUD Inti Mandiri, is expected to be formed strong networks between VUC in order to enhance business development and service to its members, who are mostly in rural communities.
KUD Development Mandiri Inti expected to play
as a booster to further enhance the ability of members of KUD
most of which are small businesses. KUD Mandiri Inti
also has Smart Village Movement Technology (GDCT) for
improve productivity and efficiency in development
business.
With this approach, besides its members would
more advanced, in the end it KUD will be more powerful and
able to play a role in realizing the maximum economic ideals
national. At the same time, KUD also be ready to enter the arena
global.

Entering Coop Empowerment Strategy Globalization
National development that we've done so far,
especially during the New Order has yielded results quite
encouraging. These results can be seen from figure
macro economy such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
amounting to an average of 7% more per year, per capita income
reached U.S. $ 1,000 more, poverty dropped dramatically from 70%
at the beginning of Pelita I (65 million people) to 11% of total
total population in 1996 (22 million people).
Simultaneously, the results of development in the field
others are also quite successful. For example we have successfully reduced
dependence on oil and gas (oil) with
increasing role of non-oil in our economy in
agriculture appeal, we have also succeeded in achieving self-sufficiency
food.
Special development in the field of cooperatives and small entrepreneurs coaching is an integral part of national economic development, we also recorded several successes in the same period.
In urban areas as a picture, until the end of the month
June 1997 has to be realized as many as 3336 employees Mandiri
consists of 1904 employees and 1432 cooperative urban cooperative
other. In each municipality has been established at least 1 (one)
Urban Cooperative Independent. Then we have also seen
cooperatives that have made it into the middle of business criteria
with a turnover in ats USD. 1 billion, of which there are
1541 and 1203 non-KUD KUD.
From the quantitative and qualitative data mentioned above, it can be concluded that the cooperative has grown and developed into a modern economic institutions and professionally managed and have bright prospects.
Therefore, the cooperative then managed to make employers
small increases. In 1993 the number of small businesses achieve
34.2 million expanding in various sectors, among others: sector
63.6% agriculture, trade, hotels and restaurants
17.4%; manufacturing sector 7.5%; and sector
others as much as 11.5%.
Until the year 1996 has to be realized 37.188
medium employers outside the agricultural sector; 9541 entrepreneurs
small independent; and 4.6 million small businesses strong. It is estimated that we need at least 50,000 medium businesses for a national structure to solid.
Observing the results mentioned above, it is probably not
excessive if we are not in place that criticism of
some observers claim that the cooperatives and small and medium enterprises we are not making progress and are very behind compared to the BUMS and SOEs. There's even an observer who compares it with the progress made by cooperatives and small and medium enterprises in developed countries.
Criticism like that is very misleading, disproportionate and
course must be straightened. It must be realized, that the benchmarks
the success of cooperatives and small and medium enterprises significantly
different from the measure for success BUMS and SOEs. Different
with the BUMS who have the motivation to pursue profit
maximum and SOEs are more concerned about stability, cooperation
basically put the interests of stability and
welfare of its members and the distribution of development and
results.
Based on such motivation, cooperative inevitably
must deal with objective conditions of its members, among others:
economic potential is very small; a farmer only
have an average of 0.2 ha of productive land, a rancher only
have an average of 2 cows, or an average of 5 chickens. Not yet
Again, the business is handled by the cooperative members
generally provide little added value as well as
they engaged in labor intensive sectors with technology
very simple. There are also some observers who
suggested that cooperative membership is more selective, only
people who have sufficient economic potential.
Of course behind the suggestion is they think that the cooperative
can grow larger and faster than what has been achieved
so far. However, this suggestion is not entirely correct because
cooperative membership must remain open.
Everything is given to show us that all this is far more effective and cooperative role in the equity, while the SOE BUMS and each plays a role in the growth mission.
So, it can be stated that progress benchmarks
cooperatives should be viewed holistically. If the benchmarks are only
partially from one side only, the image tends to bring
cooperatives that are less good. However, we do not close
subject to various criticisms that are constructive. Even
frequently, such criticism can strengthen our base in
find direction and wisdom which the next development.
With the provision of experiences and results that have been collected, we
more convinced that the basis for the next big step
looked the stronger. Therefore, the following described some
main points about the future.
Today we observed a rapid change and
hit the entire world. Changes occur in a pattern referred to
interaction of economic and trade relations between countries.
The occurrence of these changes result from advances in the field
communications and information technology as well as the agreement
multilateral GATT on 15 April 1994 in Marrakes.
Simultaneously, the world also witnessed the formation of regional economic cooperation that produces kesepakatankesepakatan about the growing trade and free investment, such as AFTA, 2003 and APEC 2030.
Trade and investment system is increasingly free and open economic actors require Indonesia to have a performance more efficient and productive with a high level of competitiveness. The government also demanded to be tough that will no longer use the old system that only benefits big business.
Internal problems that we face in particular that
concerning cooperatives also not small. Problem is on
essentially rooted in the weaknesses in terms of quality human resources and
Institutional Cooperation. For example, 90% more than the entire business
small, medium and cooperative managers just enjoy
elementary education.
Along with environmental change strategies and conditions
last objective, the vision of the proper development of cooperatives and
realistic is how to improve the performance and competence
cooperatives so as to develop and master the market
domestic. Then the base was able to develop resources
higher global competitiveness. We have a population of over 200 million
the natural potential is quite large. Thus, effort-
community efforts to love domestic products in the same
with improved service and quality should continue to be done.
By emphasizing mastery of vision and development of domestic markets, then through the learning process in the country are expected to gradually co-operatives are able to build its global competitiveness. In other words, the macro level, we should be able to develop a competitive advantage in the national business world based on cooperative advantages we have.
Furthermore, the performance of cooperatives that were colored by the level of
efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness, is a necessary condition
to create a strong national economy and
independent national defense as well as strong and steady.
With such performance, the economic structure
was very weak middle layer (hollow Midle) will be
stronger with the growing number of medium entrepreneurs. And
eventually we no longer need to worry about the problems
inequality, poverty and globalization. Therefore,
The next challenge is how we collectively
assembled all the potentials and resources that we have had
utilized and developed in order to maximize
enhance performance and competitiveness of cooperatives.
However, the time required is also long enough
(25 years), especially with a sufficient number of cooperative
large, and spread that included all sectors of the economy. By
So, with all the limitations that exist, for the period
short and medium, the role and position will tersebit
prioritized the sectors of agribusiness / agro-industry, handicraft
people, and supporting industries ainnya. In order to stare the
next question, we need 3 (three) basic strategy
namely:
1. Disseminating and entrepreneurship
2. Development of intelligent technology village; and
3. Development of a national business partnership.
All three strategies have been launched as a national movement, which then needs to be followed by implementation on the ground simultaneously and integrated.
In accordance with Law No. 25 of 1992 concerning
Cooperatives and Law No. 9 of 1995 on Small Business,
government is expected to contribute to foster climate
conducive in the form of regulations and
implementation, so that the third strategy was to simultaneously
implemented. In addition, pemeritah also expected
reinforcement can provide assistance in accordance with
ability so that cooperatives can more quickly grow and
developed. Help and strengthening meant to be between
other funding support, the backup location and line of business.
This basically shows clear evidence alignments
government against the cooperative.
In this regard, we continue to support policies to
to deregulate so that market mechanisms can function
more effective and efficient. In addition, we need deregulation
intended to protect and provide assistance
reinforcement for the interests of the cooperative. However, we also acknowledge
that pretty much rules and policies
determined but their implementation in the field often do not
fully in accordance with the provisions that already exist. For this reason,
consistent implementation should always be made for cooperative
ready to enter an increasingly competitive market. Only with
implementation of a consistent, competitive market can
used by co-operatives in order to improve
welfare of the people.

Cooperative Management in a Competitive Market
Globalization as a phenomenon that eliminates
national borders will lead to the condition of the process
convergence or unification of the various aspects of life.
Various aspects of life tend to lead to a standard
globally, ranging from cultural value system that developed in
community, to business practices and so forth. Process
convergence is accelerated by what is known premises term
Tripple-T Revolution, namely the occurrence of rapid changes
in the field of telecommunications, transportation, and tourism.
In an era of global trade and investment later, each
economic actors and consumers have easy access and
quickly to control inputs, information, technology,
products / services, and transportation. Goods and services available everywhere
which with high quality and low price. So who is
most capable of providing the best service to consumers, will have one important advantage in building capacity competitiveness.
If this global phenomenon we associate the business premises,
the conception of the dimensionless product competition, time and
location, would eliminate national borders. Thus
competition between countries increasingly less important than the
competition among businesses in a variety of scales. Business in
global phenomenon will lead to the formation of business networks
that transcends national borders. Economic resources and values
added generated will also be increasingly free to move following the
rules of business efficiency.
We have entered into AFTA, 2003 and will soon pick up the APEC 2020 as part of the deal we have to take to enter the era of liberalization of trade and investment. Liberalization of trade and investment characterized by the presence of trade liberation of structural barriers, whether in the form of tariffs and barriers in the form of non-tariff. With the loosening of trade and regulation and protection, of economic actors, including co-operatives will face a situation of full market competition.
Now the question we are together, among others: how the cooperative? Could co-operatives will speak in an increasingly competitive arena? What should we do to empower cooperatives? And many more relevant questions we can ask.
In the face of such heavy competition, there are at least 2 (two) important agenda, namely how to:
1) national business including small businesses, medium and
cooperative can be more efficient, productive, and competitive
high.
2) Production of high quality domestic system
distribution more reliable.
In this connection, one of the optimal effort
implement the agenda is that we should
build competitive advantage as much as possible
based on comparative advantage we have. Excellence
comparative have been the mainstay of which is our
availability of vast agricultural resources, the amount of resources
manusai enough, and enough domestic market
large.
Therefore, by improving the quality of human resources
and utilization of appropriate technology, as well as mastery and
development of the domestic market, we will be able to produce
superior products of high added value, especially in
agribusiness sector.
In terms of economic actors, our comparative advantage also
lies in small and medium enterprises including cooperatives
which is quite a big. Therefore, by increasing
accessibility of small businesses, medium enterprises and cooperatives to
qualified human resources, appropriate technology,
market information, and the domestic market, we will have employers
small and medium enterprises and cooperatives are tough and reliable in
competition.
Some efforts can be made for the more cooperative
competitive among other things cooperation / partnership, integration
(Horizontal and vertical, including amalgamation), franchising.
Partnerships, both among the cooperative or between cooperatives (as
plasma) with other businesses (as core), is one
The main program Ministry of Cooperatives and KDP. By Partnership
this, cooperatives, small, medium and partners to each other
cooperate on the basis of mutual benefit / need,
so as to generate greater synergy.
Option is required for cooperative partnership potential
but does not have sufficient capability to
leverage its ability and potential of its territory. Presence
element of mutual need between pemitra need to be maintained,
in order that lasted lasting partnerships. Need
attempted, how cooperative to give satisfaction
maximum of its partners. For example, by improving performance
production management and the handling / processing for the resulting
product / service quality, and continuously available
uniforms for its partners. Vice versa, the company
intipun should be able to provide maximum satisfaction for
plasma.
This partnership management should be implemented by both
parties that partner. For HR, the cooperative must have
appropriate managerial skills to work together with human resources
company's core work with the maximum. Once again, the element
quality of human resources cooperative play an important role
in order to participate actively in the management of business partnerships
This, and better ensure the fulfillment of the needs of both parties
the partnership. Thus will be pursued
the balance of bargaining power between the cooperative and its partners.
Further implication is that it can exploit the dihindarkannya
one by the other party. Such conditions must be maintained for
lasted lasting partnership.
It could be, when will happen globalization of trade and
investments, all land has been taken over by private business is strong,
then the cooperative should be looking for one of the crack business yet
affordable powerful businessmen, especially to strengthen
excellence among others in providing better service
flexible, fast and exciting and can reach market
most remote. For example, to cooperate in marketing
big company products to markets that only
may reach by the cooperative.
Cooperatives also need to strengthen themselves as
suppliers, capable of providing good quality raw materials
with competitive prices, because basically cooperative
have great access to natural resources and humans who exploit these natural resources.
Amalgamation (merger), cooperatives can be reached
as one alternative, especially in improving the bargaining powernya. Due to the amalgamation, the cooperative can increase economies of scale (scale of production) which leads to increased business efficiency. Similarly amalgamation to expand the cooperation network with other business entities, facilitate access to production inputs, processing, marketing, technology and information.
If the amalgamation can be formed rational as possible,
for example between cooperative strong or weak-strong-weak, in
sense, the strength of one another to close the weaknesses (and
vice versa), plus a strong consolidation, then the cooperative can be suppliers, investors, producers and buyers who have strong bargaining power and steady. Further, if necessary can be done financhising with a business entity that best suits the business cooperatives. With this cooperation is expected to form cooperatives to greater access in the mastery of technology, service and marketing of goods / services.
Moreover, the cooperative must cooperate with the agency
education can become a partner for governments in
enhance professionalism manausia resource cooperatives.
Expected from education, training and counseling will be more
more effective and reach a more equitable number of participants
and many, and most importantly they can be utilized by
cooperatives. Education and training, whether conducted in the
and abroad will be more weighted to the charge-
charge of concept and practice, with staff instructors
increasingly meet the demanding needs of cooperatives (consisting instructor
of the drafter and practitioners).
Furthermore, the main goal in developing this program were the youth cadre of cooperatives, both those who dropped out of school as well as new graduates complete their education. Expectations of involvement in youth in entrepreneurship development programs, in addition to creating new entrepreneurs will be in our economic structure, also in order to involve the youth to be able to jump directly into entrepreneurial excellence and / or manage small businesses, medium enterprises and cooperatives .
Surely this is a very positive influence on
coaching and development of cooperatives. Thus, it can be
expected that the professionalism of human resources cooperative
will increasingly be improved, in order to face the era of competition
an increasingly tight and competitive. Improved quality of source
cooperative human resources is very important in building
comparative and competitive advantages to cooperatives.
In building a competitive advantage, HR cooperative
required to efficiently utilize the natural wealth of Indonesia / region
that the way geographical rarely produced by other countries,
processing and marketing. Meanwhile, in order to achieve competitive advantage, HR cooperative effort required to manage as efficiently as possible.
In the face of an increasingly competitive market, cooperatives should continue to be fostered especially in order to determine the appropriate competitive strategy. We are interested in the opinions of Michael E. Porter states that koperasipun as one of the actors in the industrial world, must look at the structure of industry in which he engaged with other competitors.
Cooperatives should be able to look at the power supplier (of
Where cooperatives obtain production inputs), the buyer, the intensity
competition with competitors, as well as threats that come from
prospective new players who want to get into the industry where
co-located and the threat of the goods / service substitutes. If he
wish to successfully compete in an industry with actors
other business.
There are three strategies that can be applied, namely cost
leadership, differention, and focus. Is the future will
defined competitive strategy, which refers to the maximization
efficiency (cost leadership), which typically rely on their products
(Differentiation), or prefer cooperative strategy for
service focuses on the segment (part) certain market
(Focus); depending on the respective operating conditions and structures in which the cooperative work and business.
Moreover, HR cooperatives should continue to be trained to
business sensitivity, especially in selecting and
apply to both competitive strategy that best suits
for him. Necessary educational methods that can
combines the mastery of concepts and mastery of business
practical business. For that, practitioner faculty is absolutely necessary
in every institution of education and training cooperative.
We believe, sometime in the future-especially trade and investment will increasingly globalized koperasilah-only which is the most appropriate forum for the community / small entrepreneurs to be able to speak and act in an increasingly tight business competition and competitive.
This is partly because it is difficult for small entrepreneurs
to be able to manage its business with the scale of production (economies
of scale) are eligible to obtain high efficiency. Thus,
there is no other option except cooperatives for small employers,
let alone a competitor that must be faced is the business entities
domestic and foreign (local, regional and international)
has had a very powerful performance management.
Now only one question that is important to us. We prepared to increase the empowerment of her own in order to meet the third millennium? Of course the answer is to be prepared.

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Cooperatives as a cornerstone of Indonesia

In the middle of the readiness of the Indonesian nation to welcome the arrival of the third millennium, the conception of the development of cooperatives Indonesia occupies an increasingly interesting position. Its appeal, not only on the dual nature inherent in the institution, but also on the existence of values and principles that menjiwainya in the arena of global competition is increasingly sharp.
Cooperative community vision of the world in the face of the millennium
Third, as the result of 100 years of the International Congress
Cooperative Allaince (ICA) in Manchester 1995, is that
economy will require more elements to believe in yourself, democratic and participatory for everyone to be better able to master the economic and social life. Thus, the economy will become increasingly important to the lives of many people in the future.
Dual nature of the cooperative, according to Law No. 25 of 1992
on Cooperation, among others, characterized by its shape as
business entities as well as service users. By nature
double that cooperative goals not only for welfare
life members, but also to encourage the growth of
participation in achieving economic democracy. Therefore
cooperative life not only on the economic dimension but
are also in political and social dimension of cultural ideology.
In addition, in conducting its activities, also based on cooperative values and principles that mencirikannya as an economic institution which is loaded with the value of business ethics. Cooperative values defined in the ICA Congress, among other self-help, solidarity, honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring to others.
With ethical values like that, many people who doubted the durability of the cooperative. Therefore, such ethical values are considered as an expense, thus potentially undermining the competitiveness of cooperatives. Meanwhile, other business entities, assumed only a single orientation that is making a profit as much as possible, so it can work more flexible and dynamic and have a stronger competitive edge.
In an era of global trade in the 21st century later, whether
cooperatives are still able to maintain its double and ethical values that become the identity of his true identity? Or how should manage the cooperatives so that they can compete without losing the identity of his true identity?
The trend is going towards the 21st century
is the increased competition among businesses.
This trend is driven by a growing economic power market due to the reduced form of protection. Advances in technology of transportation, communication and information has also expedite the flow of goods and services, so that the more open market economy and competition becomes more intense.
With the tight competition encourages
growing motivation to develop creativity and innovation
business. In addition, competition is also important to boost the level of efficiency and productivity of business people so that they can generate the necessary added value to efforts to improve the welfare of the community.
However, competition will only be effective if
competing economic actors have equal power
balanced. If the power imbalance, will occur
market dominance either in the form of monopoly or oligopsonistic in
sector buyers.
Market dominance is due to quality excellence
competitiveness that comes from creativity and innovation of business will
have a positive impact both for business development
concerned, for consumers and the communities themselves
a lot. This is only possible if the benefits of quality
competitiveness is not overly protected with
forces beyond the laws of a growing economy. That is
provide opportunities for others to cultivate creativity
and innovation-related business, thus increasing
competitive advantage.
According Munker (1995), for several decades
This cooperative development in several countries is dominated by
strong desire to adjust the cooperative enterprise in
models of successful companies worldwide. Desire and
confidence that was almost perfect on economic growth
have encouraged the continued erosion of consciousness cooperatives
consistently among the leaders, managers, employees and members
cooperatives.
Nevertheless there are still many members of the cooperative society of the world that even more optimistic with the current developments. Strength was also stout market economy raises new problems such as long-term unemployment, social inequality, environmental damage and unable to ensure the health and social security.
While the power of bureaucracy (political) is also not possible
helpless without the economic power that is able to produce
growth and added value that can be used for
overcome these problems. These problems
can not be addressed only by economic or political power
only. Both can not be separated despite the very different
interests.
To integrate economic and political interests in
facing real problems that are faced with such
problem of unemployment, social inequality, environmental damage
health and social security, required a very cost
expensive. The division of tasks and responsibilities in dealing with
these problems with the specialization and efficiency reasons,
turns out it was a cause selfishness interests and very
expensive to coordinate. More charges
perceived by many countries emerging
because the collective consciousness of the problems that achieved with the still undeveloped.
With the dual nature of which is owned and ethical values
characterizes identity as a cooperative institution
generated from 100 Years of ICA Congress had, in fact as cooperative
new alternatives to overcome the major problems
facing the world community. With its dual nature as an entity
business as well as the economic movement of people, cooperative
potential to minimize the costs for
coordinate economic and political interests.
With the development of information and communication technology,
the world becomes more intelligent. Although the properties
negative in the practice of developing economies, but more and more
Also the ways to overcome them. More and many others
realize the benefits of ethical values in business practices
economy.
Trends indicate a growing trust and honesty are more and more recognized as a source efisiesi which is very beneficial in generating added value. Help themselves increasingly recognized as an important means of reducing disruption to obtain assurance of peace and social security. Kecenderunagn This is a great opportunity for cooperatives to grow and develop as an alternative economic future.
With ethical values, the cooperative will be easier
communities that have evolved in the collective consciousness
on the importance of ethical values necessary for
solve real problems faced together. Awareness
collective that grows in a rational society, who realize
the danger due bsinis unethical practices,
due to unemployment and social inequality. Therefore,
easy to understand why the cooperative is also growing rapidly in
developed countries both in the economic, political and
social and cultural civilization.
These developments prove that the co-operative in Indonesia are able to grow and thrive in an increasingly tight competitive situation. Even grown into an increasingly modern institution of the dynamics of economic growth in developing markets in all corners of the country.
Basically, the cooperatives is to increase the synergy strength in achieving the common goal of generating added value needed to improve the common welfare. If the cooperatives did not produce synergy force that can generate added value for the common good, it means there are still problems in the management of cooperatives.
With identity-owned, then the demands and style
cooperative development is clearly different from development agencies
other business. One element that distinguishes the nature of
double both in terms of its institutional organization and in terms of
membership. As a business entity, cooperative business activities should be managed as a company that is oriented to generate added value that can be used to improve welfare of its members.
While the economic movement of people, activities
oriented cooperatives to foster community participation
in an effort to strengthen the national economy structure
economic democracy based on the principle of kinship.
With such demands, it is clear that the cooperative management
Indonesia is no more easily than any other business enterprise management.
Even so to develop a cooperative enterprise should not limit itself merely to the economic potential existing for the sake of improving the welfare of members and the surrounding community.
To realize cooperative members as a source of strength, then the cooperative enterprise must be managed in a more efficient, more productive and more competitive, so as to become more superior. Only in this way, the cooperative will be able to get the support and confidence greater than its members.
Ways to bind such customer to provide better service, eliminating hours of work to be able to provide the service whenever required, to give full attention to customer satisfaction, and develop creativity and innovation in creating superior products for customers, will be able to provide security assurance market (captive market) is strong for the cooperative.
In addition such a way that will also motivate customers to participate in cooperative activities and will make itself part of the cooperative itself. Cooperatives without having a strong market collateral from its customers, tantamount to the cooperative without the members, because the customer that is the actual members of the cooperative. Cooperatives without the support of members should be immediately disbanded, because it is not feasible as a cooperative.
In order to remain resilient to face globalization, cooperation must
managed in accordance with the ethical values of business owned. Activity
cooperatives should be managed based on its principles, namely:
1. Membership of a voluntary and open
2. Democratic supervision by members
3. Members' participation in economic activities
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, training and extension
6. Cooperation between cooperatives; and
7. Concern for community
The cooperative principles are the result of 100 years Congress
ICA in Manchester in 1995 a slightly different principle
cooperatives that have been set out in article 5 of Law 25/92. In Law
25/92 explicitly still insist on the principle of division
remaining results of operations of each member in a fair and comparable
with the large business service of each member and principle
provision of fringe benefits is limited to the capital. While it
ICA Congress the results of 100 years is more emphasis on
importance of the principle of member participation in economic activities as well as the principle concern for the community.
Even so the rate of development principles
these principles have been developed by both cooperative Indonesia
and cooperatives in various other countries. Special to the principle
provision of fringe benefits can be limited to capital
applied to savings and mandatory savings. Whereas
to other savings or investment capital to cooperatives
provide a higher remuneration than that provided
keyangan other institutions, according to the level of business productivity
he developed.
In accordance with the dual nature of its membership as
and owner and user / user services cooperative, then
the success of cooperative membership management is part
key to the success of cooperative management as a whole.
As owners, members of cooperatives to determine the direction
policy organizations, including the management, the type of business
and sources of capital that will be developed. As
service users, members determine the progress and quality
competitiveness of cooperatives. Thus, the existence
in fact depends entirely on the cooperative participation
members. So there is no cooperation without the participation of members.
To avoid pseudo-participation of potentially
interfere with the cooperative, the cooperative membership
is voluntary and open. By the nature of membership
Thus, the necessary management of the cooperative membership
able to foster participation and commitment to togetherness of
members, so that potential resource to
maximally utilized for development purposes
cooperative effort.
Membership is voluntary and the loyalty and active participation of members can only be developed if the members feel confident with the leaders they choose, with a system of cooperative management, as well as to obtain benefits and are satisfied with the results of operations are conducted jointly.
Membership is open allowing the people who are interested in becoming members and people who are not interested to resign. This cooperative mechanism is important to be able to maintain a minimum level of common interests in a cooperative group.
It thus became clear that the cooperative was formed with
human capital whose value is systematically increased through
investment in education and training, through expansion and
improvement of information and communication channels, as well as system
management that allows as many members can
play a role in the development of cooperative business.
For systems that need to be developed intensively and disinsintif
for members with the size of a clear and easily understood.
Incentives to capital investments from members, the incentives in
provide different services with non-members, or
other forms of incentive that allows members to feel
benefits and get more value from cooperative
compared with that provided by other business entities.
Commitment togetherness members to participate in
cooperative activities are generally more loose and more
reduced its effectiveness if the number of its members too much.
Therefore, to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of service
or in the guidance member, the Members of cooperatives
can be grouped according to base-base or base services and
supporting them.
The large number of group members is determined by the effectiveness of the interaction between members, the efficiency of business services and coaching members. The existence of this group in addition to improving efficiency of service and coaching members also needed to spur creativity and business innovation in developing superior products that can be used as a source of competitive strength for the cooperatives.
To be able to manage the cooperative members who have a dual nature, the cooperative must have a strong management system in both organizational management and in management of its business. Board elected from and by members of cooperatives in the Meeting of Members (Article 29 paragraph (1) of Law 25/92). Management is responsible for cooperative management of all activities and efforts to Member Meeting or Extraordinary Meeting (Article 30 of Law 25/92).
With the confirmation of the accuracy of such members
elect to determine the success of cooperatives. Appropriate
with such great responsibility, then with
duties and powers that are owned, board potentially
determine the course of cooperative activities. Therefore,
usually chosen is a member of management's most
influential and have more capabilities than the members
other.
Be aware, not merely manage cooperative
generate profits, but more important is
its ability to utilize economic resources
others to achieve common goals that are double, both
as a business entity as well as the economic movement of people.
The amount of business scale and the number of members are very cooperative
determine the cooperative management system that would
developed.
When the scale and number of members of cooperatives are still very limited so for the sake of efficiency, functionality administrators can simultaneously manage the business activities of cooperatives. In such circumstances, it is necessary to supervise the implementation of policy and management of cooperatives.
Whenever the cooperative has grown with the number of members who are more and more, the board may appoint an administrator who is given the authority and power to manage the cooperative effort. Thus the board can concentrate on coaching the members, whereas the normal course of business entrusted to a designated manager.
In this case the board has handed over some of the duties and authority to the administrations, the monitoring function can be taken over by the board. Thus the cooperative does not need to establish an agency permanently. The main task of managers is to perform the function of improving the welfare of its members.
While the task manager can be more concentrated to
will guide members in order to have that togetherness
more powerful in exploiting the potential resources
to develop cooperative business activities. In addition to the
important to efficiently utilize the members in performing functions
control over the quality of management services to members
and other customers.
In order to provide optimum services for its members, then the manager must be able to develop various kinds of creativity and business innovation for economic resources and surrounding community members can be optimized to improve the common welfare.
Creativity and innovation must be developed to
improve the quality of service and strengthen the competitiveness of enterprises
developed cooperative. With the synergy of the power that
members either as owners or users of cooperative services,
cooperatives should have a competitive advantage compared to
other business entities.
Looking ahead, the working relationship between the board with the manager should clearly limits the rights, obligations and authority. So is the system of incentives and disincentives that need to be set forth in the engagement or rewards obtained in accordance with the resulting productivity. Commitments working relationship must be made in writing to provide certainty and legal security for both parties.
Every effort is developed must be economically feasible and clear accounting records (auditable). Measures of business success as many have applied to other business entities such as profitability, earnings, earnings power or any other measure proportionately also be used as part of the assessment of the success of cooperative efforts.
To develop a viable business units, cooperatives can
develop capital investments for both members and
for non-members. Equity capital management system that
developed does not deviate from ethical values and
cooperative principles. For this investment capital to cooperatives
determine the interest rate or dividend that is higher than the market
or adjusted to the results of operations are developed. By
therefore, each business unit can be managed as units
autonomous, and cooperative becomes a kind of "holding company."
From the brief description above it can be concluded that in
era of global competition is increasingly keen, cooperative precisely
have the opportunity and greater opportunities to
continues to grow and develop. The duplicitous character and ethical values
underlying principles of cooperation as the characteristic cooperative identity
it will make the cooperative as an alternative institution
economic future that is needed to overcome various
economic problems that are faced with some real
great people of the world.
The growth of collective awareness to the problems of unemployment, social inequality, environmental damage and health and social security will become a fertile land for growth and development of cooperatives. Both as a business entity as well as the economic movement of the people.

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TEACHING PROFESSION

Teaching Profession
What, Why, and How to Work Profession
Profession is a job in carrying out their duties require / demand expertise (expertise), using scientific techniques, and dedication. Expertise gained from educational institution dedicated to it with a curriculum that can be accounted for.
The characteristics of professions, namely the existence of:
1. performance standards;
2. special education institutions to produce professionals with the standards of academic quality that is responsible;
3. professional organizations;
4. ethics and professional code of ethics;
5. reward system;
6. community recognition.
Teaching Profession
Basically, the teaching profession is a profession that is growing. Although there is an opinion that the teacher is a position semiprofesional, but actually more than that. This is possible because the position can only be obtained at the teacher education institution that prepares graduates of teachers, the professional organizations, codes of ethics and there are rules about the functional position of teachers (SK Menpan No. 26/1989).
Professionalization effort is unnecessary negotiable because its unique teaching profession. Professional teachers must have the various competencies such as professional competence, personal and social.

The characteristics of the Teaching Profession
The characteristics are as follows professorship.
1. Position involving intellectual activity.
2. Position the torso wrestle a special science.
3. Professional positions that require a long preparation (compared with work that requires a mere general practice).
4. Positions that require training in a sustainable position.
5. Position a promising career and life of permanent membership.
6. Position that determines the standard (default) itself.
7. Position is more concerned about service above personal gain.
8. Positions that have a strong professional organization and are closely connected.

Background to the Teaching Profession
Professorship motivated by the need of teachers. This need increases with educational institutions that produce prospective teachers to produce professional teachers. At the present time LPTKs be the only institutions that produce teachers. Although the position of the teaching profession has not been fully told, but the condition has improved with increased incomes of teachers, recognition of the teaching profession, professional organizations are getting better, and educational institutions that produce teachers so there is a certified teacher through the Teach Act. Professional organization working to unite members of the profession and the motion steps to enhance the professionalism of its members. After PGRI who became the only professional organization of teachers in Indonesia, later developing a kind of teachers' organizations (MGMP).

Scope of the Teaching Profession
The scope of services of teachers in carrying out his profession, which consists of (1) administrative services in education, (2) instructional services, and (3) support services, which all three strive to enhance students' optimal development.
The scope of the teaching profession can also be divided into two groups namely group knowledge and mastery of basic techniques and professional group of professional ability.
Personality Competence
Competence personality is a number of competencies related to personal skills with all the characteristics that support the implementation tasks teacher.
Some personality teacher competency are as follows.
1. Faithful and pious to God the Almighty.
2. Believe to yourself.
3. Tolerant and tolerant.
4. Being open and democratic.
5. Patience in keguruannya profession.
6. Develop themselves for the progress of his profession.
7. Understand the purpose of education.
8. Able to human relationships.
9. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of self.
10. Creative and innovative in its work.


Teacher Social Competence
Social competence is the ability of teachers to adapt to the demands of work and the environment at the time of bringing his duties as a teacher. The role of the teacher brought in a society different from other professions. Therefore, the public attention given to the teachers were different and there is specificity, especially the demand to become a pioneer of development in areas where teachers live.
Some social competence that need to be owned by teachers, among others the following.
1. Skilled at communicating with students and parents Learners.
2. Be sympathetic.
3. Can cooperate with the BP3.
4. Clever hang out with my friend co-worker and Education Partners.
5. Understand the surrounding world (Environmental).

Components of Professional Competence
Professional competence is a competence of teachers associated with the profession that demands a variety of expertise in the field of education or teacher training. Professional competence is a basic skills teacher in the learning and knowledge about human behavior, field of study dibinanya, the right attitude about PBM environment and have skills in teaching techniques.
Some components of professional competence of teachers is the following.
1. Mastery Learning Materials and Their concepts.
2. Management of teaching and learning programs.
3. Classroom management.
4. The management and use of media and learning resources.
5. Mastery of educational foundations.
6. Ability to assess achievement of teaching and learning.
7. Understanding the principles of management of institutions and educational programs in schools.
8. Mastering the methods of thinking.
9. Improving the ability and professional mission.
10. Provide assistance and guidance to students.
11. Having insight into educational research.
12. Able to conduct simple research for teaching purposes.
13. Able to understand the characteristics of learners.
14. Able to organize School Administration.
15. Having insight about educational innovation.
16. Take bold decisions.
17. Understanding the curriculum and its development.
18. Ability to work planned and programmed.
19. Able to use time appropriately.

The relationship between Mastery and Ability Teaching Materials
Mastery of basic foundation material becomes a teacher to have the ability to teach. Mastery of a teacher is done by reading the book-fur lessons. The ability of mastery of the material has a close connection with teachers' teaching abilities, the more in control of a teacher in the material / instructional materials in teaching it will be more successful if underpinned by its ability to use teaching methods.
Mastery of teaching materials to start with knowing the contents of the material and how to approach teaching materials.
Teachers who master the teaching materials will be more confident in teaching the material, always creative and innovative in delivery methods.

Situational Decision and Transactional
Situational decision regarding decisions about what and how the teaching will be realized based on the analysis of the situation (objectives, materials to be delivered, time and facilities available and the default behavior of students).
Situational decision taken when compiling the preparation of teachers written in the form of lesson units (satpel).
Transactional decisions are made by teachers adjustments relating to the implementation of situational decisions based on the feedback obtained from the interaction with student teachers as well as from interactions between students in the PBM is in progress.
Transactional decision was taken because of the changing circumstances that developed in performing PBM.
Role of Teachers in the Development of Learning Design
The learning process is a process of inquiry and reflective, which emphasizes the importance of teachers' experience and appreciation of the process. Learning design should be developed on the basis of instructional goals oriented to the development of students. The development is the goal of learning. The design of good learning design in short and long term components include: (a) Analysis of the curriculum, (b) instructional objectives, (c) the plan of activities, (d) evaluation plan.

Role of Teachers in the Implementation of Learning and Classroom Management
1. Effective learning manifested in behavioral changes as both learners and the impact of the instructional impact accompaniment. The learning process takes place in a scene that need to be organized and managed into an environment or conditions conducive learning.
2. Pluralistic approach in classroom management combining various approaches, and look at classroom management as a set of activities to develop and maintain an effective learning environment.
3. Problems of teaching and classroom management are two things that can be distinguished but it is difficult to separate. Both are interrelated; classroom management is a prerequisite for the continuity of the learning process effective.
4. Learning environment is developed and maintained with due regard to diversity factors and the development of learners. Classroom management is developed through the stages: the formulation of ideal conditions, gap analysis, strategy selection, and assessment of the effectiveness of the strategy.
5. Structuring the classroom physical environment is an essential element in classroom management because it gives effect to the behavior of teachers and learners

Role of Teachers in the Evaluation of Learning
Evaluation is the process of obtaining information to form judgments in decision-making. Information required for the purpose of evaluation techniques enmeshed with inquiry, observation, analysis, tests. The selection technique used is based on the type of information should be disclosed so that the evaluation could be used in a variety of techniques at once. Processing the measurement results of the study intended to evaluate the process and learning outcomes

Understanding the Role of Teachers in the Elementary Student Learning Development
While learning is a process of personal development of students, the students' progress should be the basis for learning. Aspects of student development that includes physical and motor development, cognitive, personal, and social development has important implications for the learning process. The implication is related to content development and learning strategies, and cooperation of school with parents.


Definition and Purpose of Guidance and Counselling
1. Guidance can be defined as "the process of helping individuals to achieve optimal development."
2. Counselling is defined as "the process of helping individuals (clients) on an individual basis in situations of face-to-face relationship, in order to develop themselves or solve his problems."
3. Counseling is one type of guidance service, which is considered the core of the overall guidance service.
4. Guidance and counseling aims to help individuals or for learners to develop his personality in an optimal, either in relation to aspects of physical, intellectual, emotional, social and moral-spiritual.

Functions, Principles, and Principles of Guidance
1. As the process of providing assistance to individuals (students), guidance serves as an effort to (a) understanding, (b) prevention, (c) development, and (d) repair.
2. Tutoring is held based on the principles of (a) individuals or learners are in the process of developing, (b) guidance targets are all learners, (c) care for all aspects of development, (d) the ability of learners are the basis for determining the choice, ( e) guidance is an integral part of education, and (f) the assistance provided in an effort to develop the ability of learners to realize himself.
3. Organizing professional guidance should care about the principles, such as confidentiality, openness, expertise, dynamism, and tut wuri handayani.
Fields and Types of Tutoring Services
1. Implementation of the guidance, covering the areas of personal, social, academic, and career.
2. The types of guidance services, including orientation, information, learning, group counseling, placement and distribution, individual counseling, and group counseling
Relations with Educational Guidance
Be established with a good education, if supported by its components in the areas of leadership or administration, teaching, and students' personal service or guidance. Through counseling, education process to facilitate the development of those aspects or personal characteristics of students optimally.

Kepembimbingan Teacher Role in Learning in Schools
In accordance with the nature and characteristics of school child development, guidance and counseling in schools more effectively become an integral part of the job counselor. Guidance implemented in an integrated school in the learning process, except the things that require special handling.
In the process of learning at school teachers need to show a leadership role by creating a climate or atmosphere of learning that the charged / nuanced guidance. In the process of learning that teachers play a role not only deliver instructional materials, but also develop effective behaviors both with respect to learning behavior, personal, social or career.
Helping Troubled Students
Problems faced by students can be divided into a learning problem and the problem is not learning. However, these problems usually lead to learning difficulties. Student learning difficulties can be identified by testing the results of learning, basic skills tests, observation study habits.
The factors that cause learning difficulties can be classified into external and internal factors. There are several techniques to help students who have difficulty learning, namely (1) teaching improvement, (2) enrichment, (3) increased motivation to learn, (4) improvement of learning skills, (5) development of attitudes and habits of effective learning.

Guidance on the School Development Program
There are 4 core components in the program guidance, namely (1) common basic services, (2) Service responsiveness, (3) individual planning services, and (4) Supporting system. Basic public services are services aimed at helping all students develop behaviors that must be mastered for the long term. Responsive service is a service to help students solve problems or develop behaviors that become necessary at this time and must be served. Individualized planning services are directed to help students plan for education, career and personal development.
Teaching PROFESSIONALS
In everyday conversations often heard the term profession or professional. Someone said that the profession as a doctor, another said that his profession as an architect, or there is also a lawyer, teacher, instead also Nothing says professional traders, singers, boxers, dancers, paperboy, and so forth. The staff and employees of the military and government agencies are also non-perpetual state will increase professionalism. This means that their job is a profession as well.
If observed carefully the various professions mentioned above, can not be seen clearly what constitutes the criteria for a job that can be called a profession. Apparently, the criteria can move in terms of formal education required for a person to get a profession, to the ability of a person charged with
Understanding Professions
a) Serving the community, is a career that will be implemented throughout life (not changing jobs).
b) Requires certain areas of knowledge and skills beyond
reach a wide audience (not everyone can do it).
c) Using the results of research and application of theory to practice (a new theory was developed from research results).
d) Require special training with a long time.
e) Controlled by standard license and or have the entry requirements (to occupy these positions require a specific license or any special requirements specified in order to possess it).
f) autonomy in making decisions about the scope of work
(not regulated by outsiders).
g) Accept responsibility for decisions taken and displayed performance relating to services provided (directly responsible for what is decided, not transferred to the supervisor or a higher institution.) Having a set of performance standards.
h) Have a commitment to the office and clients, with emphasis on services to be provided.
i) Using the administrator to facilitate the profession; relatively free from supervision in the office (such as health care providers use to record the client's administrative staff, while there is no supervision from a doctor outside of the job itself).
j) Having an organization that is governed by members of the profession itself.
k) Having professional association and / or group of 'elite' to know and acknowledge the success of its members (the success of the task physician organizations evaluated and appreciated by the Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI), not by the Department of Health).
1) Having a code of ethics to explain the things that doubt or dispute relating to the services provided.
m) Having a high level of public trust and confidence of each member (members of the public has always believed doctors knew more about the illness of patients it serves.)
n) Have the social and economic status is high (when compared with other positions).
o) Each member of the profession have the freedom to provide judgment of the issues facing the profession.
p) In practice serving the community, members of the profession autonomous and free from interference by outsiders.
q) This position has a high prestige in society, and therefore obtain higher returns.
If we use this reference to the position trader, singers, dancers, and the newsboy who called in the first part is obviously not a profession. But we'll talk about next is the professorship, whether the position of teachers has been to referred to as a profession?
Requirements Definition and Teaching Profession
Especially for the professorship, actually also has anyone tried to formulate criteria. For example, the National Education Asosiasion (NEA) (1948) suggest the following criteria:
a) Position involving intellectual activity.
b) Position the torso to cultivate a special science.
c) professional position that requires a long preparation (compared with work that requires a mere general practice).
d) Position requires a 'training in office' is ongoing.
e) Position a promising career and life of permanent membership.
f) Position that determines the standard (default) itself.
g) Position is more concerned about service above personal gain.
h) Position of professional organizations that have a strong and interwoven.
Now the further question is whether all of these criteria can be met by a teaching position or by a teacher? Let's see one by one.
a. Position Involving Intellectual Activity
It was obvious that the position of teachers meet this criterion, because teaching involves the efforts that are highly dominated intellectual activity. More information can be observed, that the activities by members of this profession is the basis for the preparation of all other professional activities. Therefore, teaching is often referred to as the mother of all professions (Stinnett and Huggett, 1963).
b. Position who wrestle the Special Body Science
All positions have a monopoly of knowledge that separates mcreka members of the laity, and enabled. They held gawasan about his position. The members of a profession that builds iimu charge of the field of their expertise and to protect people from abuse, amateurs who are not educated and groups who want to make a profit (ie persons who are not responsible for the opening practice physicians). However, there is no agreement about areas of science that underlie special education (education) or teacher (tleaching) (Ornstein and Levine, 1984).
There are various opinions about whether the teaching meets both these requirements. Those working in the field of education stated that teaching has developed a specialized field clearly very important in preparing teachers who are authorities. Conversely, some argue that teaching does not have specific knowledge torso described scientifically. The first group believes that teaching is a science. (Science), while the second group said that teaching is a troubleshooting (art) (Stinnett and Huggett, 1963). However, in articles written in the Encyclopedia of Educational Research, for example, there is evidence that teaching job has been intensively developed torso science in particular (the third edition of the 1960 edition, for example, expands lebfh than 1500 pages of research results, as evidence that the teaching profession has developed torso, especially science. Each year we can read thousands of pages of new research report published everywhere, either as a dissertation or research results of the executors of education). Conversely there is also the opinion kihwa science education is in crisis of identity, the torso lidak clear, blur boundaries, its structure as a body of knowledge vague (Sanusi et al., 1991). Sementera it, science pi'iigetahuan behavior (behavioral sciences), natural science, and health can be guided directly by the extensive regulation and procedure and using a clear methodology. Science education is less well defined. In addition, science is used in the real world of teaching is still a lot of validation that has not been tested and approved most of the experts (Gideonse, 1982, and Woodring, 1983).
As a result, many people especially the laity, as well as with the experts, always argue and disagree, sometimes even causing a negative conversation. Other results from the field of science that has not been well defined this is the content of teacher education curriculum is different from one place to another place, although it has been started likened to determine the core topics that must exist in the curriculum.
Many teachers in high school and expected to teach outside the field of science that fits with diplomas, for example, many math teachers are not getting a major in mathematics when he learned in teacher education institutions, or they are not prepared to teach mathematics. This problem is very prominent in the field of mathematics dar. natural science, although already somewhat diminished by the existence of an adequate supply of teachers today.
Whether a particular science teacher is also determined by the standard of education and training? Until now, many teacher education that is determined from above, there is time enough two-year education course, there should be three years or four years.
To go to a professional position, teachers must have considerable influence in making decisions about their own position. Teacher organization must have the authority and leadership potential to work together, and not dictated by an interest group, for example by teacher education institutions or regional offices of education and culture and their staffs.
c. position that the Old Requires Preparation Exercises
Again there is disagreement about this. what distinguishes a professional position with non-professionals among others are in progress through the education curriculum, which is subject to the university / institute or through practical experience and apprenticeship or a mixture of apprenticeship and college. The first, which provided education through college for a professional position, while the second one, namely education through practical experience and apprenticeship and apprenticeship or a mixture of lectures intended for non-professional positions (Ornstem and Levine, 1984). But this second type does not exist anymore in Indonesia.
Members of the group of teachers and education authorities in the department of the National believes that the professional preparation for a long time very need to educate teachers in charge. This concept explains the necessity to meet college curriculum, which consists of general education, professional, and special, at least four years for novice teachers (SI in LPTK), or education professional preparation in LPTKs at least for a year after obtaining the academic degree of SI in college non-LPTKs. However, to date in Indonesia, it is still a lot of the old teacher education they are very short, in fact there are only a week, so of course the quality is still very much in order to meet the requirements that we expect.
d Position in Position Requires Continuous Exercise
Position of teachers tend to show strong evidence as (abatan professional, because teachers do almost every year bcrbagai professional training activities, whether they get credit or no credit prnghargaan. In fact, at the present time a variety of additional professional education of teachers followed in equated himself with qualifications have been determined.
Viewed from this lens, clear criteria to these four positions can Jipenuhi for teachers in our country.
E Position Promising Career and Life of Permanent Membership
Perhaps overseas as a career requirement permanent professorship is the weakest point in claiming that teaching is a professional position. Many new teachers who only lasted one or two year course in the teaching profession, after that they moved the work into other areas, promising more pay a higher rate. Fortunately, in Indonesia it seems not so many teachers who move to other areas, although it does not mean also that the position of teachers in Indonesia have a high income. The reason may be because employment and move the system a rather difficult position. Thus, this criterion can be met by that of teachers in Indonesia.
The default position Determining Own
Because the professorship intent concerning the people, then the standard for the post of teachers are often not created by members of the profession itself, especially in our country. Baku office of teacher is still very much regulated by the government, or others who use these teachers as a private educational foundation.
While most positions have uniform standards and requirements to ensure the minimum capability required, not the case with the position of teacher. From the experience of recent years LPTK admissions obtained a very strong impression that the scores of prospective students entering teacher education institutions is much lower than the scores of candidates who go into other fields. This problem has also caused the results of teacher education in the future, because somehow the quality of graduates will be strongly influenced by the quality of inputs or raw materials, in this case the quality of the applicant institution
In each position the profession each group member is considered able to make professional decisions related to climate kcrjanya. These professionals usually make their own rules in the area of competence, customs and traditions associated with ili-effective oversight on matters relating to work and matters relating to the subscription (the client) it. Actually, outside supervision is the natural enemy of the profession, because it limits the power of professions and opened the door to outside influence (Ornstein and Levine, 1984).
Doctors and lawyers for example, provide service to the community, while his client to pay for it, but nobody expects that the crowd or the client will write a prescription or a written contract. If the client is influence the decisions of the practice of doctors or lawyers, the professional-client relationship ended. This essentially means keeping the client from prey to ignorance, as well as keep the profession from which no rational assessment of the client or the general public
Peter Blau and W. Richard Scott (1965: 51-52) writes:
"Professional service ... That requires the [professional] maintain the independence of judgment and not permit the clients' wishes as distinguished from Their interests to influence his decisions."
These professionals must have the knowledge and skills to make an assessment, otherwise not so with the client, written scbagaimana Blau and Scott,
"And the clients are not qualified to evaluate the services he needs." Professionals who allow customers to say what he should do will fail in providing optimal service.
What about teachers? Teachers, as already stated also above, on the contrary allow parents, principals, district office officials, or other community members say what they do. Professional autonomy does not mean that there is absolutely no control over the professional. Conversely, this means that the control that requires technical competence can only be done by people who have the professional ability in that regard.
It seems to the present in accordance with the conditions that exist in our country, this criterion can not be met by the overall professorship.
g. Position that emphasizes Service Above Personal Gain
Teaching positions are positions that have a high social value, no doubt. Good teachers will greatly contribute in a better life than citizens of the future.
Professorship has been universally known as an occupation whose members are motivated by a desire to help others, not caused by economic or financial gain. Most teachers choose this position based on what is considered good by those that get spiritual satisfaction rather than economic or physical satisfaction. However, this does not mean that teachers should be paid less but also do not expect to get rich quick when choosing professorship. Therefore, there was no doubt that these seven requirements can be met properly.
Source Books Work Teaching Profession Soetjipto Prof. and Drs Ralis Kosasi, M.Sc.

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MAKING DEMOCRACY ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITH

MAKING DEMOCRACY ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITH


• Praise hadiratIllahi we pray toward the rabbi who gave health,
strength, and the opportunity for us all to attend and participate in
National Discussion of ICMI in 2007. This meeting is important for ICMI,
perhaps even for the Indonesian nation as a whole. One of the problems
large nation facing Indonesia today, is the economic stagnation
society as a result of input control by a group of people.
Unilateral mastery of the national asset, resulting in improved macroeconomic performance
economy has not been fully able to touch people in kesejahateraan
family household.
• Therefore, should ICMI called to give answers
concrete for the problems facing the nation and country. Strengthening the role of folk
in economic development will encourage the growth of structure and fundamental
economy strong and independent. So in turn, economic democratization
able to walk in balance with the growth of democratization in the social and
political.


Democracy Issues in Economic Development
• Political Indonesia adopts democracy, namely the sovereignty is in the hands of the people, as well as its economy, Indonesia is a country democratic ideology adherents. Apparently the founders of our Republic would like to state that political democracy alone is not sufficient because it must be accompanied by economic democracy. With economic democracy do not want to be guaranteed that the state will turn the direction toward the realization of social justice for all Indonesian people. Economic democracy in Indonesia's economic system is expressly formulated in the articles of the 1945 Constitution, especially Article 33.
• Reform current continues to run has not looked fully followed in
economic field. The approach is still trickle down effect is felt to be groove

economic development policy up till now. Access and huge resources are still addressed to a handful of big business. Medium small, medium, and cooperatives-where most economic activity beradamasih people continue to struggle with old problems. The implications of not touching the people's economic activities adequately, visible from the public income gap between regions, between sectors, and among regions
• Improving people's welfare and well-deserved to be valid for
barlangsung barometer of whether the democratic process in the economic field. Even
recipient of a Nobel-class economist Amartya Sen (2000) has clearly described the
Key word democracy as the main corridor in understanding the problem of poverty.
Thinking Amartya Sen also has inspired a lot of thought about how
poor understanding of democracy is more often bear injustice than
justice. The presence of an injustice as a continuation of the ineffectiveness of democracy
becomes difficult to be refuted, and cultivate various forms of poverty. Poverty
economically difficult to argue too closely linked to advanced process pullback
democracy in the true meaning. The lack of voice of the poor in
aspirations, could result in many programs targeted diluted
economic development program.
• Experience and much of the literature shows how democracy is contested
with stability and economic progress in the early years after World War
second. What a lot of thought in developing countries leads to the need for
government's "strong" (read: no need to democratic), to ensure stability and
bring progress. Economic growth without democracy will not run
sustainable manner. This is evidenced by the experience of communist countries, and
journey of our own nation. Also, economic growth in the system that are not
heed the people's political participation, tend to produce inequalities, namely
gap between the have the opportunity and did not get a chance
in a closed system.

Cooperatives as a Social System
• Cooperatives as a social system is based on the growing movement
common interest. This implies that the dynamics of the cooperative must

aligned with those objectives together. Collegial spirit necessary
maintained through the application of deliberation in decision-making. Cooperative
is a non-governmental organizations (self-helf organization) but unlike
Other non-governmental organizations, cooperatives have different characteristics
(Hanel, 1985.36).
• Cooperation by the teachings of the institutional economics of John Commons
priority to the membership that is not based on capital strength, but based
however small business participation. Cooperatives are associations of people or
legal entity not a bevy of capital. Cooperatives will only be successful if
management is open / transparent and truly participatory. Role of members
is an important indicator in the universally recognized cooperative, with no
limited by the vision of political and socio-economic conditions in which groups of people
cooperative living. Both roles are a criterion of identity for cooperatives.
The role or dual identity (dual identity) indicates that the cooperative
working together (cooperation) is a human being or its members. Both at the time
manage and present uses the results of cooperative efforts. Unique Role of
member is used as a reference in recognizing cooperative systems in various
countries. Roy (1981.6) in definsinya include the role of members in business
cooperative as :"... a business voluntarily organized, operating at cost, the which is owned,
capitalized and controleed by member-patrons as users, sharing risks and benefits
Their proportional to participation. "Similarly, Packel opinion, as
cited Abrahamsen (1976.5), which states the cooperative are: "... a democratic
association of persons organized to furnish themselves an economic service under a
That eliminates plant entrepreneur profit and That Provides for substantial equality
in ownership and control ". It is also implicitly declared by Munkner
(1985), Ropke (1989) and Chukwu (1990).
• Although the current members of the cooperative role in crisis, this
proposed by Herman (1995.66), after reviewing the articles, "Trends in Co-
operative Theory "(Wilson)," Homo Homo Oeconomicus and Cooperatives in
Cooperative Research "(Weisel)," Basic Values Cooperatives "(Laurikari), as well as
"Cooperative Today" (Book), the changing role of key members is anticipated by
tersisihnya by economic democracy. But until now I believe, that
cooperatives will, can, and should thrive in an atmosphere of independence

democratic. That is, developing or not depends on how strong cooperative internal fundamentalist support the achievement goals cooperatives. In fact so far, both successful and cooperative cooperatives that have failed, caused more by internal fragility of the organization. Even if there is an external strategic environment cooperative contribution to the failure of cooperatives, it is often caused by "double-edged knife" public policy in effect.
• History records, initially co-operative ideology was born along with the emergence
resistance movements against economic hegemony. And to deal with
sources of economic exploitation and marginalization of the role of people's economy.
Movement is run by forming a collective economic institutions
people to help themselves (self help). The phenomenon was seen both in Europe
west, where the cooperative was born during the industrial revolution with the market economic system
capitalists who have been marginalized groups of workers, small farmers and
Other people who do not have the capital to structural poverty and
stupidity. In 1884, in an industrial town of Rochdale, Manchester, England
has established a cooperative "Rochdale" by the workers to fight for
social interests of their economies better. Similarly in Indonesia,
Hulp en birth Spark Bank, which was pioneered by RA. Wirjaatmadja in Purwokerto.
• Entering the Post-Independence era and the Old Order, the economic character
populist-socialist then called with Indonesia-a philosophy and
the basic ideology of economic struggle waged by the founding fathers country
this. Cooperatives have an honorable place with the inclusion and
explanation in chapter 33 UUD 1945, the cooperative became the only institution
economic principles that are appropriate for the country's economy. Cooperatives are encouraged as
"Cornerstone of the economy" Indonesia, where the economy is expected to grow from
bottom with its own power. Unfortunately, socio-political conditions are not conducive to
healthy economic growth, and development of cooperatives was not running
• In the New Order era, the economy is interpreted to spur growth
economy through industrialization various sectors based on economic models
development, based on the familiar neo-classical economics and the theory of phase
Rostow development. Cooperative development is placed as a chain
people's economy. The impact of this policy, cooperatives would have felt
shift values and essence. Cooperatives are strongly encouraged by the political policies, but

without adequate socialization so that the pendulum is more structural than cultural sticking.
• Entering the Post-New Order era, the role of cooperatives is very clear, especially in times of crisis
economic progress. The discourse of democratic economy returned to the show to the surface,
but have to deal with the fact that cooperatives are at the point imaging
nadir. Stigmatization occurs, the cooperative is only a political jargon, the rhetoric
development program, which is far from the truth. Policy to generate
the role of cooperatives is often interpreted as character assistance funding
"Charity" Because of this dependence and are not encouraged to become an institution
independent. Number of aid that is channeled into cooperative or through
formation of economic groups, it forced a false understanding of society
against the cooperative. We have failed to encourage the growth of a true cooperative, the existence
independent cooperatives in accordance with cooperative principles and identity is
minority of the many pseudo-cooperatives, cooperative board name, and cooperative plate
red or cooperatives formed by the project alone.
• Placing a true cooperative in that position as a social system,
seyognyanya began with serious attention to pemyelenggaraan
human resource education cooperatives. Rugged and educational institutions
tough going necessitates cooperative performance is realistic in the future. For
it serious attention and support to the growth of cooperative educational institutions
quality should be our common concern and a national agenda.


Building Economic Democracy through Cooperation
• On Article 33 clearly stated the main points of the Indonesian people thought about
economic democracy. Here is reflected the essence of democracy, namely the people, for the people,
and by the people. Principal element in the economy based on democracy for
Indonesia is the principle of family-oriented nation. This principle is not in line with the understanding
individualism, nor with the understanding that is taught by Marxist collectivism.
In realizing economic democracy, must be calculated and used
institutional-institutional or economic institutions and politics, and must be as strong as
may steer in the desired direction. Thus, it can be avoided
the institutional barriers, which causes malfunction

(Disfunctioning) existing institutions, which in conditions of relatively equal or comparable to the institutions in place or in other countries turned out to function properly.
• It's in the world economy inevitable trend toward free markets, namely the trading system without any barriers, whether the obstacles created by the state or by a group of countries. However, every state has sovereignty, including economic sovereignty. Economic sovereignty can not be released to the market mechanism simply because this country was built by serangkuman ideals and idealism. On the other hand, has long been known that the market mechanism was not able to produce a just welfare. The free market will tend to strengthen an already strong position, thus leading to the participation and market domination by a limited number of people. Market failures that led to the need to make corrections to the interventions of government through a variety of public policy, which is actually in the original theory is not desired.
• Cooperative and SMEs as an instrument of economic growth of society in the era
globalization remains an important and relevant role in the development context
present. Even in developed countries though, the role of cooperatives still
taken into account. At the global level, the cooperative is known as - to cite the concept of
Anthony Giddens economy - the third way of the ideology of economic development. In
several areas of Asia like Japan and Taiwan, people's economy
developing healthy and closely linked to the national economic system.
Institutionally, the economy is represented by people who UMKMK
grown with the power of knowledge and technology-based (technolgy
and knowledge-based economy TKBE) so competitive kukuh.1 UMKMK like that is what needs to be cultivated in every region throughout Indonesia simultaneously.
• America is a very capitalist even in running the economy turns
apply the concepts and principles of cooperatives as an economic organization
driven on self-reliance in business with the participation anggota.Keswadayaan

members coupled with professionalism based manajamen be a good keyword cooperatives, thus able to expand inter-state markets and is acknowledged to be the world's economic giants.
• The nation must learn from experience and past history. Economic
democratic character, where one of the prominent symbols are cooperative,
proved to have been able to become a safety valve, if not we say as
savior, at the time of our nation's economic crisis ten years ago. In
while our modern industrial economy collapsed due to exposure to hurricanes, it turns out
cooperatives are able to provide economic and social services to its members
so that they remain capable of running wheels of the economy, both the production activity
and consumption, with relatively good. The contribution of primary sector to grow, even
into the machine triggers the growth of secondary sector. But again we must
deplores our attention towards this sector was still ambivalent, and tend to
inconsistency, the approach trickle down effect which proved unsuccessful in the past,
is realized or not is still the foundation of our economic policy.
Development of economic sectors based in the community (members) has been proven
become a powerful tool to combat poverty and growth
unemployment at the grass root level. The essence of this populist economic development
triggered by the reality that most economic actors in Indonesia moves on
small-scale enterprises.


Recommendation
• The development of cooperatives should be an integral part of a package of economic and democratic development in our nation's great effort to overcome poverty. Cooperatives as a business entity that develops the potential of society is the concrete form of the system of social economy. If the first government can create a banking system, non-export, investment incentives and protection policies in major industrial sectors, the same spirit it should also be done to reconstruct the development of cooperatives.
• To support the growth of cooperatives as a form of concrete economic democracy, then there are some things that must be done in the format of economic development, among others:

(1) Elimination of monopolistic practices and harmful oligopoly
community. Until recently the problem of monopoly and oligopoly are not yet
handled well, so that the business climate in general has not
support the development of a strong economy.
(2) Efforts to create a more balanced economic structure with a number of
powerful medium entrepreneurs are increasingly numerous.
(3) Empowerment of weaker economy, especially small-scale enterprises and
cooperatives. Included in this is an effort to improve
mutually beneficial partnership relations between different scales
business.
(4) The role of government should be geared towards building institutions
Printer cadre of human resources cooperation, rather than on business practices
cooperatives. Because the last thing that will create more
permanent dependency, while the first will ensure
sustainable development of cooperatives as a form of democracy
economy.




TUBAN, December 2, 2010

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ORIGIN STATE CHAPTER 1

ORIGIN STATE CHAPTER 1

When did science arise State (thinking about the State and the law)? The existence of thinking about the State and the law is not in conjunction with the preceding, so he emphasized the idea of State and the law is not as old as the age of the start of the State. Long before the concept of State and the law, the State has been there, we remember for instance the existence around the seventeenth century before Masahi, with a very absolute system of government.
But besides that in the era of awakening of human civilization is also the king of kings which guarantees the rights of its citizens. The king who did so presumably is the king of Babylon named Chammurabi who ordered around the year 1800 BC the famous unite the country which was originally divided.
If the above is said that the idea of State and the law is not as old as the existence of the State itself, then what can be explained that in ancient times (Ancient), king of kings ruled with absolute arbitrary executions because of its power, people did not get questioned about the State, why certain people who were in power, while the others are subject, what was the ruling power base and so forth. The lack of opportunity that he asserted that at that time people did not have the freedom to megeluarkan thoughts and opinions freely.
But nevertheless we not assume that the ancient jama science does not yet exist, such as astronomy, medical science, science ethics, philosophy, science, etc. shipping. But self-knowledge as it is known that people today do not exist, let alone a regular and systematic. Because in ancient times it all just confused speech, such a philosophy of science talk about yes, yes decency, health yes, yes shipping and so forth. Moreover, the state of science as we speak today, the light does not exist. In ancient times, there is no questioning the science of state all the circumstances the State. Because this is a science that contain the danger to the power of its rulers and to threatening the status and authority of the State authorities. Though the ruling on the primeval is that its power is absolute ruler, arbitrarily determine one's life and death. So mastering all facets of life in the State, whether life is lahiriyah (worldliness), and the life that is religious. Thus it is not surprising if penguaa were then pressed, prohibits any thoughts about the State and the law.
So therefore it concerns a matter of state science authority of the ruler, the basic authority of the ruler, then science kenegaraaan or thinking about the State and the law, can only arise and develop, if the composition kenegaraanya, kemasyarakatannya already allow the existence of freedom of thought and of expression. Remember that science could only arise and thrive when the freedom of thought and of expression, freedom is very dependent on the method or system pemeritahan State.
If the thought of the State and the law did not precede or simultaneously with the State or the formation and growth of civilization, because it is a social phenomenon (social phenomenon), which manifest themselves after long centuries after the State or civilization exists, then the idea of a new State and the law we will see it in place (at State), where ketatanegaraanya system provides the possibility for citizens to freely spend seecara thoughts and opinions, critically. This situation, according to state history, occurred early in the nation's first ancient Greece in its fifth century BC that is in Athens. So the nation was the first greek coolies, FE thing to start thinking about the State and held a law, so, their freedom of thought and of expression critically and honestly starting in ancient Greek nation. What then is presumably the cause of such circumstances? Many factors influencing factor, namely;
1. the nature of religion that is not God's teachings mengelan defined as Rule (ancient)
2. Geographical situation of that State which mejuruskan to trade and overseas sehigga greek nation could meet and exchange ideas with other nations.
3. form of his country, namely democracy republic, so that the people govern themselves little with the responsibility.
4. greek national consciousness as a whole.
5. all that makes the people of Greece as the experts thought and stateless persons.

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DOWNLOAD FREE GUIDE PROFESSIONAL WEB SOLUTIONS

FREE DOWNLOAD PANDUAN SOLUSI MEJADI WEB PROFESIONAL.

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TOKOH TOKOH RASIONALISME

Plato ( 428-348) menggunakan cara berpikir dan metode filsafat yang memberikan landasan pada rasionalisme. Metode yang digunakan plato adalah kritis dialektis dengan sepenuhnya percaya pada kemampuan pikiran dengan cara dialog yang terus menerus sehingga dicapai makna esoteris atau makna yang sesunggunya. cara berpikir ini menmang bertolak pada realitas konkret yang dihadapi, namun dengan metode dialektisnya, plato dapat mencapai pengetahuan murni yang disebut episteme atau neosis, yaitu pengetahuan yang benar.
RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650)
Dikenal sebagai baapak rasionalisme. dialah yang memberikan dasar dasar pemikiran aliran rasionalisme. menurut descartes sehingga setiap manusia memiliki kemampuan berfikir. kemanapun ini menurut descartes pengertian sudah tertanam dalam akal budi manusia sehingga setiap manusia memiliki kemampuan perfikir. Kemanapun ini menurut descartes sudah terbawa sejak manusai dilahirkan dan disebut dengan pengertian yang terang lagi jelas atau innate ideas.
Selanjutnya descartes menajukan patokan patokan yang terdiri atas beberapa tingkat. pertama tama, seorang pemikir harus sselalu meragukan segala apa saja ketika pertama kali muncul danal pemikirannya. Kemudian, seorang pemikir harus menyederhanakan setiap kesulitan dengan membagi bagi ke dalam bagian bagian sebanyak mungkin dengan mengingat kebutuhan untuk pemecahannya. dia harus menurunkan pernyataan pernyataan yang masih gelap, langkah demi langkah menjuju pernyataan yang lebih sedrhana secar deduktif.
kemudian, dia melanjutkan pikirannya secara teratur mulai dari unsur yang paling sedeerhana sampai pada yang lebih rumit. terakhir dia harus membuat pengulangan secara menyeluruh sampai yakin beran bahwa tidak ada satu langkah pun dari pikiran yang terelakkan.
sehubugan dengan keraguan yang merupakan awal dari segala kegiatan perpikir, barangkali bisa timbul pertanyaan bila segala disagsikan, kemudan dimana kita harus mulai. Untuk pertanyaan ini, Descartes menjawab; pada fakta bahwa kita sedang menyangsikan segala galnaya. (suseno, 1992;70) fakta bahwa kita sedang dalam proses penyangsian iti sendiri tidak dapat disangkal. jadi apabila kita sedang meragukan sesuatu tetap ada yang tidak kita ragukan, yaitu bahwa kita sedang meragukan sesuatu, bahwa kita sedang berpikir. dan kalau pasti bahwa kita sedang berfikir, ada lagi yang pasti dan tidak dapat diragukan, yaitu bahwa kita sendiri ada oleh sebab itulah Descartes berkata cogito ergo sum ( saya berpikir maka saya ada)

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PENGERTIAN FILSAFAT ILMU

1. PENGERTIAN FILSAFAT ILMU

Filsafat ilmu adalah pengkajian ilmu secara filosofis, yaitu, secara menyeluruh, mendasar, dan spekulatif dan dikaitkan dengan aspek ontologi, epistemologi, dan aksiologinya.
filsafat ilmu juga dapat disebut sebagai cabang filsafat yang berusaha menjalaskan unsur unsur yang terlibat dalam pengkajian keilmuan, rosedur pengamatan, metode, dan nilai kegunaan dari ilmu (S.R. Toulmin, dalam The Liang Gie, 1992)

2. RUANG LINGKUP FILSAFAT ILMU

tiang penyangga utama dalam filsafat ilmu adalah ontologi, epistermologi, dan aksiologi ilmu (Koento Wibisono S.)
Bagian filsafat ilmu ialah konsep dasar ilmu, metode ilmu, dan saling keterkaitan dari berbagai ilmu.

3. PENGERTIAN ILMU
Ilmu adalah cabang pengetahuan yang dihasilkan dengan dedukto hypothitico verificative (secara deduktif dan induktif atau perpaduan antara rasionalisme dan empiris) (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 1986
ilmu adalah rangkaian aktivitas manusia yang rasional dan kognitif dengan berbagai aneka prosedur dan tata langkah sehingga menghasilkan kumpulan pengetahuan sistematis tenang berbagai fenomena alam dan kemanusiaan (Marx dan Hillix, dalam The Liang Gie, 1992)

Untuk mejelaskan perpaduan pandangan prof jujun S. Suriasumantri berkaitan dengan rasionalime dan empirisme yang merupakan dasr penjelasan dari ilmu, maka akan dibahas kedua cabang filsafat tersebut secara singkat sebagai berikut;
A. Rasionalisme (termasuk aliran Filsafat Abad Ke 17)
Rasionalime menurut Frans Magnis Suseno (1990) memiliki karakteristik umu yaitu;
Rasionalisme sangat dipercaya pada kekuatan akal budi manusia. Menurut kaum rasionalis, segala sesuau dapat dan harus dimengerti secara rasional. suatu pernyataan hanya boleh diterima sebagi benar apabila bisa dipertanggunjawabkan secara rasional. yaitu kebenaran yang dilandasi pada tradisi, wewenang otoritas tradisional dan dogma tidak dapat mereka terima. rasionalime secara hakiki bersifat anti tradisi.
2. rasionalisme memberikan penolakan terhadap tradisi dan dogma. otoritas meempunyai dampak pada segala bidang pengetahuan dan kemudan juga pada kehidupan masyarakat.
dalam bidang politik rasionalimse menuntut kepemimpinan rasional. negara dianggap berasal dari perjanjian antar individu individu bebas, dan negara dibawah warga negara. kekuasaan penyelenggara secara hakiki dibatasi oleh konstitusi, dan konstitusi haurs menjamin hak hak dasr warga negara.
Dalam bidang agama mereka tidak mau begitu saja menerima bahwa dogma, yaitu ajaran agama tentang apa saja yang harus dipercaya supaya seseorang dianggap bergama, dapat begitu saja ditetapkan otoritas religius. Kitap suci dipertanyakan secara kritis dan agam hendak direduksi sebagi sekedar ajaran moral belaka.

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